Water bodies both produce and consume oxygen. It gains oxygen from the atmosphere and from plants as a result of photosynthesis. For flowing water it would dissolve more oxygen because of the effect of its churning and continuous movement. Waste water containing organic materials are decomposed by microorganisms that utilize the oxygen within the stream. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the amount of oxygen consumed in this process. Other sources of oxygen consuming waste include storm water
Urban Environmental Problems of the City of Banjul, the Public Health Challenges and where lies the solution. - By Abdoukarim Sanneh The spatial and land use planning of the city Banjul, date back to colonial days and this led the genesis of land office now know as the Department of Physical Planning in colonial protectorate area. The development planning of the city of Banjul with the introduction of streets and their names, sewage and drainage facilities, electricity, pipe- borne water etc was
BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) BOD is the traditional, most widely used test to establish concentration of organic matter in wastewater samples. BOD is based on the principle that if sufficient oxygen is available, aerobic biological decomposition (i.e., stabilization of organic waste) by microorganisms will continue until all waste is consumed. The BOD test is also known as "BOD5" since it is based on the accurate measure of DO (dissolved oxygen) at the beginning and end of a five-day period in
lungs die” because “lungless fish pump their blood in a simple loop.” Therefore, fish are restrained by a lack of oxygenated blood flow that the heart can receive and will die if they exercise too hard because the heart simply won’t receive enough oxygen to sustain intense exercise. In order to solve this problem many species of teleosts and chondrichthyes possess adaptations that allow them to continue exercising at extremely high speeds without necessarily dying. Tunas, for example, are pelagic
by taking 220 and subtracting your age you can find your maximum pulse rate, because your muscles rely on oxygen it is important that I understand how oxygen is transported to the bodies cells. Oxygen is picked up by haemoglobin which is contained by red blood cells. In the lungs haemoglobin becomes ox haemoglobin and the via versa happens when the oxygen is removed by the cells. Oxygen is also used in cell metabolism as it is a reactant. Now I will explain a bit about cell metabolism. Cell
Topic: Methods of Carbon sequestration Carbon sequestration: Carbon sequestration is a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It includes two other major approaches, improved energy efficiency and increased use of non-carbon energy sources for greenhouse gas reduction. Carbon sequestration means capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere or capturing anthropogenic CO2 from large-scale stationary sources like power plants before it is released to the atmosphere. Once captured, the CO2 gas
elements for growth, acclimated microorganisms and oxygen may be added to facilitate the BOD test. For the determination of carbonaceous BOD a nitrification inhibitor may be added. The amount of oxygen consumed by the microbes is measured at time 0 and then after five days of incubation, using chemical procedures, an oxygen electrode or BOD apparatus. BOD is calculated using the equation: BOD (mg/L) = (D1-D5)/ P where D1= initial dissolved oxygen (DO), D5 = DO at day 5 and P= decimal volumetric fraction
- Measuring the level of dissolved oxygen chemically and biologically (COD, BOD) - Measuring the amount of bacteria - Biological sample There are so many other ways to measure water quality. In this lab report, we are going to discuss BOD, biochemical oxygen demand. What is BOD ? BOD determines the quality of water by measuring the amount of dissolved oxygen in the samples. The oxygen in the water is usually from photosynthesis of aquatic plants and oxygen from the air that dissolved into the
plants, which leads to eutrophication. Other sources of nitrate and phosphate ions such as sewage and excess fertlilisers can also cause eutrophication. When the excess algae and plants die the bacteria make them decay severely and reduce the oxygen content of the water. This leads to ... ... middle of paper ... ...legislation and international agreement to limit or ban toxic emissions, such as, sulphur dioxide reduction. Cars could use low sulphur fuel and catalytic converters to prevent
protozoa. They usually come from human sewage. As pathogen numbers increase, so does the risk of human health. Biochemical Oxygen Demand: Organic wastes that decay in a body of water. decrease the amount of oxygen found in it. The living things in the lake need oxygen to survive. If the oxygen level is depressed to zero, all fish in the lake die. Any decomposition that does not contain oxygen starts to generate noxious gases such as Hydrogen Sulfide. Pulp and paper mills, and municipal sewage causes
cyanide, road salt etc. 7. Animals such as insects, arthropods, protozoa, small fish etc. 8. Gases such as methane, carbon-dioxide, hydrogen-sulfide. 9. Hormones. 10. Pharmaceuticals. 11. Macro-solids suc... ... middle of paper ... ...ends upon the oxygen affinity. Wetlands use secondary and tertiary steps to clean wastewater and also use chemical and physical processes. Wetlands require less time and are also less expensive. TERTIARY TREATMENT(ADVANCED) The terms secondary and primary treatment
the wastewater. Some systems utilize a pretreatment stage prior to the main treatment processes, as well as more treatment and sanitizing prior to release into the environment. Anaerobic bacteria (bacteria that live in environments that contain no oxygen) transform organic matter in the wastewater into biogas that contains large amounts of methane gas and carbon dioxide. Often used to treat industrial wastewater that contains high levels of organic matter in warm temperatures. Usage Used in rural
Chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) is a wastewater treatment method that provides as smart alternative to the conventional primary treatment. It can also be used as a proficient preliminary step of the biological secondary treatment processes. CEPT embraces coagulation and flocculation, and it accomplishes remarkable increases in the pollutants removal from the influent (Ødegaard, 1989; Rashed et al., 1997; Ayoub et al., 2013; Rashed et al., 2013a; Rashed et al., 2013b). Chemical precipitation
The Future Pasig River TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE………………………………………………………………………………..i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………….ii CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………...iii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………...iv 1.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….1 1.1TERMS OF REFERENCE…………………………………………………1 1.2 PROCEDURE……………………………………………………………...1 1.3 BACKGROUND…………………………………………………………....1 2.0 FINDINGS……………………………………………………………………….2 2.1 POLLUTION SOURCES…………….…………………………………
and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. At high levels, nutrients can over stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae. Excessive growth of these types of organisms consequently clogs our waterways, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose, and block light to deeper waters.[David Krantz] This could be very harmful to aquatic organisms as it affects the respiration ability of fish and other creatures of the sea. Pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended
INTRODUCTION: Bacteria play a very decisive role of silently getting the nature purge of the dead matter through the disintegration of dead organic matter by the microbes. They use them as a foundation of nutrients, and in turn help in recycling the organic compounds trapped in the dead matter. Through this process, other organisms also get profited, who can use the simpler forms of organic compounds/nutrients released from the dead matter by various bacteria. Figure 1: Decomposition
1. Planetary boundaries The environment is being constantly damaged by human society. Declining resources and increasing demand for them also increases the negative impact on the environment.A continuous degradation of the environment by anthropological means shifts the Earth system towards a limit, where its ability to maintain balance might be unexpectedly changed. These limits are represented by the Planetary boundaries model. (Fig. 1) Fig.1 Planetary boundaries (www.commons.wikimedia.org)[1]
ENVIORMENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW SHEET 1) Mutation- a random change in one or more genes of organisms. Mutations may occur spontaneously in nature, but exposure radiation and/or other chemicals vastly increase their number and degree. 2) Natural selection- the process whereby the natural factors of environmental resistance tend to eliminate those members of the population that are least well adapted to cope and thus, in effect select those best adapted for survival and reproduction. 3) Speciation-the
Water is an essential for human beings and their healthy living. The total volume of water on Earth is about 1.4 billion cubic meters. km, of which only 2.5 % , or about 35 million cubic meters. km , is a fresh water . Most of the fresh water reserves are concentrated in the multi-year ice and snow of Antarctica and Greenland. This is why the problem of water is becoming increasingly important every year. These problems arising from droughts and floods, water quality degradation, poor management
sensory, and nutritive characteristics of foods. MAP completes these purposes by following three simple principles: 1. It reduces undesirable physiological, chemical/biochemical, and physical changes in foods, 2. It controls microbial growth and, 3. It prevents product contamination. (Cooksey, 2014). MAP uses three main gases; nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. It is crucial that all three gases are used together, as each gas has its own individual role to play and in combination the correct MAP conditions