1. The antibiotic doripenem (Doribax®) is recommended for use in patients with complicated urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis. Describe in detail what pyelonephritis is and the likely causative micro-organism(s)? (7 marks) Do not exceed this page – PTO 2. Describe the antimicrobial action of doripenem. Include in your answer details ofbacterial resistance mechanisms towards this class of antimicrobials. (12 marks) Do not exceed this
Vancomycin Vancomycin can be classified to the Glycopeptide antibiotic group. • Vancomycin was first discoverd by Eli Lilly, from a soil sample which is collected from the jungles of Borneo. It is a naturally obtained antibiotic produced by the soil bacterium Actinobacteria species Amycolatopsis orientalis • The one advantage that was apparent is that staphylococci did not develop very strong resistance inspite of introducing it several times in culture media with vancomycin • The drug fast tracked
and mass production of antibiotics. Antibiotics or antimicrobials are chemical drugs that are used to treat a variety of different infectious bacterial diseases by destroying or slowing the growth of the bacteria. Antibiotics are toxic to the target cell but do not harm the host. They are designed to attack various kinds of parasites, fungus, and bacteria. Contrary to popular belief antibiotics do not work against viruses like those that cause the common cold. Antibiotics are broken down into different
Every year, antibiotic-resistant bacteria are threatening more and more people. As much of a problem as it is, many people are not educated on the term drug resistance. Since it is such a growing concern, it becomes confusing as to why drug resistance is occurring and what can be done to prevent it. Because drug resistance is such a health problem, determining what it is, how these bacteria can acquire the antimicrobial agents, and the possible solutions to the resistance are the types of actions
individual’s health and well-being. The role of antibiotics is through the influence of things that the cells of bacteria have. ("Microbe", 2017, p.2). This essay will briefly outline a range of common microbes that affect human health and discuss the benefits and risks of antibiotics, and discuss a range of therapeutic uses of microbes. For many years antibiotics have treated respiratory infections. In over 2500 years ago the Chinese where the first to apply antibiotic therapy. To their attention the therapeutic
was performed using CINAHL Plus, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, EBSCOhost, UpToDate and PubMed databases. Boolean terms included: community acquired pneumonia, pneumonia, immunocompromised, adults, management, treatments, preventions, effectiveness, antibiotics, promotion, and outcomes. For each database, advance search was used and then limitations included systematic reviews, retrospective analysis, randomized control trial studies that were published, peer reviewed, full text, year of publication between
Antibiotics basically refer to chemical substances that can inhibit and destroy the growth of microorganisms (Gottileb,1976; Katz and Demain,1977). Antibiotic term was first used in 1942 by Selman Waksman to describe any substance produced by a microorganism which interfere with the growth of other microorganism (SA Waksman, 1947). Each antibiotic is produced by a relatively limited number of species and is inherited from specific set of genes. These are the products of secondary metabolism which
the twentieth century, as antibiotics are one of the most highly prescribed drugs in the world today. Although its discovery is often described as serendipitous, the process by which it was cultivated was quite meticulous, and continued attention has been paid to penicillin's further development. It is because penicillin and its derivatives have played such a vital role in everyday medicine that it is such an important topic. Penicillin works by virtue of its beta-lactam ring that specifically binds
Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to resist the effects of an antibiotic that would have originally affected the microorganism. The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance is one of the most pressing world health concerns of the 21st century. In order to combat this spread, the phenomenon must first be understood. Many studies have delved into understanding the emergence of antibiotic resistance, most of which reached the conclusion of Darwinian selection being the reason
humans and animals but when found in other body locations it can cause serious infections. The most common sites for E. faecalis infections are the heart, bloodstream, urinary tract, and skin wounds. Due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, many antibiotics have been shown ineffective in the treatment. In this paper, I will describe the ecology and pathology of E. faecalis; the antibacterial resistance; treatment; and, what you can do to prevent Enterococcus infection. Enterococci are normally found
the sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feeds is that “super-bugs” are able to evolve. This is a threat to both the health of the animals and humans. What a “super-bug” refers to is a strain of bacteria that has evolved to be resistant to bacteria and lethal to the host organism. These super-bugs account for the death of roughly 48,000 Americans each year (Adams, 2013). These superbugs proliferate in the digestive tracts of hosts. Each dose of antibiotics in the animals’ diets at sub-therapeutic
antibiotics Reassess lactate level if initial was elevated (goal: WNL) If hypotensive or lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L: Administer 30 mL/kg crystalloid Antimicrobial therapy is the cornerstone sepsis treatment, and the therapeutic goal should be centered around administration of effective IV antibiotics within 60 minutes of septic shock or severe sepsis (without shock) recognition. The initial antimicrobial
Table 6 shows the results of the biochemical tests. The isolate can obtain its energy by means of aerobic respiration but not fermentation. In the Oxidation-Fermentation test, a yellow color change was produced only under both aerobic conditions, indicating that the EI can oxidize glucose to produce acidic products. In addition to glucose, the EI can also utilize lactose and sucrose, and this deduction is based on the fact that the color of the test medium broth changed to yellow in all three Phenol
Knowledge is power when discussing the classes you have taken in college and how it affects your everyday life. Microbiology is one of those important classes where although for a majority of majors you do not have to take it and therefore will not learn the information discussed in it, other majors such as biology and nursing require you to take it. They will require you to take it because you will encounter some of the information being taught in it in the work field. As a nurse practitioner I
The Concern of Germs in the 1950s In the 1950s, a majority of the people were concerned about the things circulating in their everyday lives that they could not see: germs. These fragments of bacteria were intimidating and seemed impossible to stop. “The two most feared germs are bacteria (one-celled microorganisms) and viruses (ultramicroscopic or submicroscopic agents). During the decade, researchers made great strides in the understanding and control of these tiny enemies. In 1947, sixty viruses
and fluoroquinolones[7,10,12]. However, due to the frequency of antibiotic use, recurrent or chronic UTI and inappropriate use of antibiotics leads to the resistance of the common uropathogens specifically Enterobacteriaceae[13]. Other factors that lead to the acquisition resistance such as adaptation, transduction, conjugation, transformation, transposons, and efflux are also one of the reasons that render the commonly used antibiotic less effective. According to the WHO[14], antimicrobial resistance
especially in tracheostomy sites or open wounds [26]. Historically, A. baumannii infections were clinically treated with different classes of antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, carbapenems, macrolides, and penicillins [2]. However, several studies have recently reported outbreaks of drug-resistant A. baumannii (MRAB) that were unaffected by standard clinical antibiotic treatments [2,1]. Consequently, treating patients infected with A. baumannii has become a clinical challenge and a serious public health
hospitalization, as treatment is vital for survival. There is still a number of factors that is currently being studied to ensure a vaccine and treatment options that have favorable outcomes, as currently there are not a lot of options as this disease is antibiotic resistant to many of the medications, making it difficult to treat. However, the focus for many healthcare facilities must be aiming towards sterilization, degerming, and ensuring proper hygiene is in place to reduce the risk of contamination and
hospitals; infecting individuals with cancer, burn wound, catheters and cystic fibrosis. P. aeruginosa is most recognized for its resistance to a wide range of antibiotics. In its planktonic form, P. aeruginosa has been found to have many virulence factors. However, P. aeruginosa within biofilms have been found to have a resistance to antibiotics 1,000 times greater than that of its planktonic counterparts [4]. Infections that are caused by bacterial biofilms are very persistent and very difficult to
Infection control is very important in the health care profession. Health care professionals, who do not practice proper infection control, allow themselves to become susceptible to a number of infections. Among the most dreaded of these infections are: hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Another infection which has more recently increased in prevalence is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). These infections are all treated differently