1-What is the physiological role of histamine? Histamine is a biogenic amine involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter. Histamine triggers the inflammatory response. It increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and other proteins, in order to allow them to engage foreign invaders in the affected tissues. It is found in virtually all animal body cells 2-How is histamine synthesised within the
Introduction: Alkyl halides are compounds that are considered as good “leaving groups” when these good leaving groups are replaced by another atom that is called “substitution”. When a nucleophile substitution occurs, this is an act of replacement of the leaving group [1]. When substitute happens nucleophile reacts, that is and electron pair donor, while the reaction releases this make electrophile as the receptor [2]. These alkyl halides will be prepare from alcohol while reacting with halides
.This experiment was performed to determine the structure of alkyl-halides formed as a result of substitution reactions, and whether the reaction used an SN1 or SN2 mechanism. The structure of the starting alcohol determined the mechanistic pathway of the substitution reaction. Reaction 1 involved the substitution of a primary alcohol which produced one primary alkyl-halide via SN2 reaction. Reactions 2 and 3 began with a secondary alcohol, forming two products as the result of direct substitution
The better leaving group is Bromine. From the SN1 reactions, all alkyl bromides, with the exception of Bromobenzene, produced precipitates at room temperature. Although only the first tube in the SN2 reactions produced precipitate at room temperature, the back side attack happened where expected. It is notable, that in the SN¬2 reaction, eventually all alkyl bromides produced precipitate still with the exception prior. Chlorine as a leaving group has a higher activation energy. First observing the
type of alkyl halide(electrophile) it starts off as: a primary alkyl halide versus a secondary alkyl halide. The type of elimination reaction (1 or 2) is dictated by the type of strong base it is presented with; bulky versus non-bulky. Elimination 2 takes place when a primary alkyl halide reacts with a branched base. Also, in primary alkyl halides elimination and substitution reactions are in competition with each other. However, two of the electrophiles in the experiment are secondary alkyl halides
Taylor Boles 010733995 Ethers and Ether Synthesis Ethers are organic compounds characterized by an oxygen. The compounds are bounded by two alkyl or aryl. Ethers look like alcohols and both of these look like water. Within alcohols there is one hydrogen atom replaced of water replaced by alkyl but in ether, hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. Ethers are usually nice-smelling and colorless when they are room temperature. Compared to alcohols ethers are less dense and soluble and
nitrate solution, the precipitate that was formed, progressively became cloudier after heating and cooling in a water bath. Although 2-chlorobutane was expected to react, the halide did not show any precipitate before or after heating and cooling. This alkyl halide did not react due to the fact that the leaving group is chlorine, which does not have a strong attraction to the silver nitrate solution. The
B.: R refers to an electron-donating alkyl group. Aliphatic amines are more basic than phenylamines and phenylamines are more basic than amides. For aliphatic amines, the more R groups present, the stronger is the electron donating inductive effect. Thus, a tertiary amine is expected to be the most basic among the aliphatic amines. However, it isn’t. A tertiary amine is less basic than a secondary amine despite the former having three electron donating alkyl groups as compared to the latter’s two
which have one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by halogen atoms such as fluorine(F), chlorine(Cl), bromine(Br) and iodine(I) which are the elements in group VII in periodic table. Halogenoalkanes have the general formula, RX, whereby R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is any of the halogen atom. Besides, halogenoalkanes can also be classified into three categories according to what is attached to the functional group such as primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkane. In experiment 2(a)
The objective of this experiment was to conduct the Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of p-xylene. This reaction substituted an alkyl group instead of a hydrogen atom on the aromatic ring. The compound used was p-xylene, the reactant was n-propyl chloride, and the Lewis acid catalyst was aluminum chloride. The products consisted of the group of n-propyl that combined with p-xylene to form 1,4 Dimethyl-2-propylbenzene, and the group of isopropyl that combined with p-xylene to form 2-isopropyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene
characterised by one or more hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a carbon atom of an alkyl group (hydrocarbon chain) (Encyclopedia Britannica , 2014). Alcohol is often considered the organic derivative of water (H2O) in which case one of the hydrogen atoms was exchanged by an alkyl group. (Encyclopedia Britannica , 2014) Alcohols can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary in accordance to which carbon the alkyl group is bonded to the hydroxyl group. Alcohols are a colourless liquid with a low
solution with acetonitrile. Then CsCO3 and bromooctadecane was added to the solution. And at the end we crystalized it and found out the melting point which ranged from 64-68°C. Theory: In order for an ether to be produced we needed an aroxide ion and an alkyl halide. The reason why we use acetonitrile is because it acts as a solvent and ions can form in it. CsCO3 when added into acetonitrile it forms Cs+ ions and carbonate ions. Also the acetonitrile does not react in the reaction and hence does not interfere
Is there a difference between the hardness of a small rock and a larger rock? Shockingly there isn’t. A small rock will be comparable in its hardness to the larger rock of the same type. This quality is because of the physical property of the rock. Similarly, everything in nature including compounds like haloalkane and haloarene has some physical properties as well as chemical properties. In this topic, we will understand more about the physical properties of haloalkanes and haloarenes. Physical
Carboxylic acid: hydrophilic, Oxygen that’s polar, form H-bond. 2. Alkyl: lipophilic, nonpolar hydrocarbons, can’t form H-bond. 3. Ether: although it has oxygen but it’s lipophilic. 4. Nitrogen: hydrophilic, polar, forms H-bond. 5. Benzene ring: lipophilic, nonpolar, can’t form H-bond. • Referred to table 10: Paracetamol
I chose to do the effects of different disinfectants on bacteria because I have always wondered if disinfectants such as Clorox, Lysol, and hand sanitizer actually kill 99.9 percent of germs. Also, I know that there are harsh chemicals that can be damaging to us over time. Do these harsh chemicals get the job done? Maybe taking a green, organic way could be the solution in the future. My main question is which is the better disinfectant, Clorox Disinfecting Wipes or Lysol Disinfecting Wipes. I want
(derived from phosphonium salt).The mechanism for the synthesis of trans-9-(2-phenylethenyl) anthracene first requires the formation of the phosphonium salt by the addition of triphenylphosphine and alkyl halide. The phosphonium halide is produced through the nucleophilic substitution of 1° and 2° alkyl halides and triphenylphosphine (the nucleophile and weak base) 4 An example is benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride which was used in this experiment. The second step in the formation of the of the Wittig
Introduction Drug resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) has become a severe global health threat. The fight against TB is now facing major challenges due to the appearance of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and more recently, the virtually untreatable Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB). MDR-TB are strains that are resistant to both top first-line drugs, Isoniazid and Rifampin, while XDR-TB are MDR-TB strains that are also resistant to any fluoroquinolone and one or
This experiment focuses on the SN2 nucleophile substitution reaction of converting 1-butanol (an alcohol) to 1-bromobutane (an alkyl halide). There are two types of substitution mechanisms that could be used, SN1 and SN2. SN1 mechanisms take place in two steps. The first rate-determining step is the ionization of the molecule. This mechanism is called unimolecular because its rate is only dependent on the concentration of the leaving group. The second step is the fast, exothermic nucleophile addition
Tanraj Bains Elimination Lab Introduction: The goal of this experiment is to determine which products are formed from elimination reactions that occur in the dehydration of an alcohol under acidic and basic conditions. The process utilized is the acid-catalyzed dehydration of a secondary and primary alcohol, 1-butanol and 2-butanol, and the base-induced dehydrobromination of a secondary and primary bromide, 1-bromobutane and 2-bromobutane. The different products formed form each of these reactions
weeks. The first week was the preparation of the Grignard reagent and the performing of the reaction with the unknown ketone and the second week was the purification and the identification of the crude product obtained from week one. The starting alkyl halide that was assigned to me was 13H and the ketone was 13K. With these, I performed the reaction. The end results were the following: Mass of Product: 0.18 g Boiling Point Range: 158.8°C-164.2°C Percent Yield: Actual: 0.18 g Theoretical: 1-Bromopentane: