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Ancient egyptian architecture
Essay about egyptian history
Ancient egyptian architecture
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It's easy to understand why the Valley of the Kings was not discovered until the 1800's. It is located over a mountain ridge and in a secluded valley, miles from civilization. The Valley of the Kings contains approximately sixty-two excavated tombs, not all of which are royal. Some belonged to the privileged members of nobility and were not decorated. The earliest tombs of such kings as Thutmose I contained stairways, corridors, and right-angle bends; whereas, the latter tombs of such kings as Ramesses XI, were little more than huge sloping corridors. One of the most recently discovered tombs, that of the children of Ramesses II, fifty-four in all, is being excavated, with eight or nine rooms thus far uncovered. The work is being financed by Chicago House in the United States.
Depending on the power and length of reign of a king determined the opulence of the tomb itself. Most tombs were robbed thousands of years ago, but you can still see the spectacular color-painted hieroglyphics lining the corridors of some. The stories told are of kings bearing gifts to the gods or perhaps stories of the king's travels or battles. Much can be learned from these pictures concerning ancient life in Egypt.
Most tombs contained false entrances or false burial chambers, etc. to confuse robbers and deter them from finding the riches needed in the afterlife.
King Tut's Tomb (Tutankhamun)
King Tut's tomb was not discovered until 1922 by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon, as it was concealed beneath the mud brick houses of the workmen who cut the tomb of Ramesses VI. Most likely this tomb was not carved for a king, but for a high official. But due to the fact that King Tut died at an early age, the rooms were hastily converted. Items for the afterlife were seemingly thrown into the various rooms. What makes this particular find important is that the contents were untouched by robbers. The real antiquities can be found in the Cairo Museum. The pictures shown here are replicas indicating how they were positioned when discovered by Carter.
Three coffins were found in the tomb, the last of solid gold. King Tut's mummy was not in very good shape and so is kept at his tomb. He was found with 15 rings of various sizes on his mummy fingers depending on the amount of linen used to wrap his hands.
The work I chose to analyze was from a wall fragment from the tomb of Ameneemhet and wife Hemet called Mummy Case of Paankhenamun, found in the Art Institute of Chicago. The case of the Mummy Paankhenamun is one of the most exquisite pieces of art produced by the Egyptian people during the time before Christ. This coffin belonged to a man named Paankhenamun, which translates to “He Lives for Amun” (Hornblower & Spawforth 74). Paankhenamun was the doorkeeper of the temple of the god Amun, a position he inherited from his father.
Ca. 1323 BCE. Both artworks are from the same location, Thebes, but there are some differences when both works are compared. The Coffin of Tutankhamen belonged to a very young unimportant king who died at the young age of 18, and was closely related to Akhenaton. The works is much more rich in value when compared to the coffin of Tentkhonsu, it was found with rich gold jewelry and semiprecious stones. The vast differences could hint different social class rankings and also how men were superior than women during this
King Tut was a fascinating pharaoh at most. There isn’t much on who king Tut was or when he was born or how he died. But some people have dedicated there lives to find out who he was. He was born during the Golden Age. He became king a surprisingly young age. He achieved many things and had an important job. His death was and still is a mystery to most. It was said he wasn’t in his original tomb. But he was eventually found. King Tut became a Pharaoh at a really young age and he had many achievements but died at a relatively young age. (Hawass 29-56)
After he died, King Tut was mummified according to Egyptian religious tradition. The royal bodies have to be preserved and provisioned for the afterlife. So they put them into tombs.He had his own tomb because in their afterlife after they are mummified according to Egyptian religious beliefs and traditions.
In 1295, BCE, Horemheb died, Rameses I first royal act, the overseeing of his secret burial rites in the Valley of the Kings. Rameses I took this time to pick out his own burial tomb and began preparations to be buried next to his friend Horemheb. Rameses I and his son Seti planned fabulous buildings, and had existing buildings and monuments redone wi...
It is clear that tombs and burial rituals were a key element in the Egyptian society and their way of life as it ties into almost all things they did on a daily basis. Whatever a person’s status was when they were alive followed them into the afterlife. Food and luxury goods were buried with a person so that they could have it in the afterlife. The tombs became a person’s new house after they died. Therefore, making it as nice as possible was really important. Art work and clay models were added to a person’s tomb as material goods needed for the afterlife. They were also seen as decorations that kept the tombs looking nice. Throughout the years, Egyptian artworks on the inner parts of the tombs and on the coffins show a development in the Egyptian customs. Each new development was created to better preserve the bodies and comfort of the dead.
W. Raymond Johnson, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, (1996), pp. 65-82, Date viewed 19th may, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3822115.pdf?&acceptTC=true&jpdConfirm=true
The funerary rituals introduced by the Egyptians were the most intricate, spiritual rites in their times and, perhaps, even to this day. Their elaborate customs, tombs, and gifts to the dead were representative of their pious, devoted nature. Albeit not all were as imposing as the oldest and still remaining Seven Wonder of the World, the Pyramids of Giza, all were meaningful and sacred. The Egyptians, highly reverent of their dead, adopted ornate, religious burial practices to fit to every member of their society.
...ok part in numbers commensurate with the popularity of the king. The attendants would lay the body down and completely seal the tomb. At its opening they would make sacrifices to their fallen king and then bury the entire tomb except for the tops of the walls. Inside the tomb, the king was laid to rest in a brick room in the middle of the structure. Adjacent chambers branching out would hold attendants buried with the king. On a clay floor, people would sacrifice human lives to the king. They would then build a platform on top of the bodies and offer more human sacrifices. As sacrifices continued, the importance of the lives being sacrificed increased until a major sacrifice, such as the queen, was made last. She would get a coffin at the very top of the sacrificial tomb, and a chapel would be built over the whole structure that would indicate the tomb's location.
Egyptians first attempt of artificial mummification was during the Archaic Period (3050-2663 BC). Early mummification techniques began in the Old Kingdom (2663- 2195). By the Middle Kingdom embalmers started placing masks over corpses, the most famous was the mask of King Tutankhamun. Not only did King Tutankhamun have the most famous mask, but also he had the most famous tomb. His coffin was found in 1923 in Thebes, Egypt. Inside the tomb laid many statues, weapons and jewelry. At first people had this belief that only Pharaohs could attain immortality, but later on, anyone was able to. Egyptians saw Pharaohs as gods, so when they passed away, they assumed the Pharaoh would become a God in his or her afterlife. Eventually, during the period of the New Kingdom (2628-1638 BC), Pharaohs were buried in tombs in the Valley of the Kings at Thebes, Egypt. In the Old and Middle Kingdoms Pharaohs were buried in pyramids. As of now, there are about fifty royal pyramids that have survived from thieves. In these royal pyramids, the tomb walls were completely filled with paintings that illustrated scenes of the deceased personal life. Pyramids of ancient Egypt are the most famous tombs up to this day. The most famous are three pyramids built for the Pharaohs; Khufu, Khafre, and Mehkuare. The best one is the Great Pyramid of Giza built for Khufu which is also one of the seven
In this regard, several tombs were put up, especially for the royalty where the mummies were kept. In addition, the pharaohs were buried together with their possessions to use once they reached the afterlife. Similarly, the Indus people were buried with their possessions, and archaeological evidence has been found supporting such claims(Phillipsburg School District, n.d).
The Valley of the Kings is a valley in Egypt which was chosen as the burial ground for a great number of pharaohs and nobles of the New Kingdom; the New Kingdom in Egypt spans the time between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC which includes the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth dynasties of Egypt (Long 2015: 39). In 1979 an organization known as the Theban Mapping Project was organized to strategically catalogue the present and available archaeological record of the Theban Necropolis in the Valley of the Kings. “The TMP’s goal is to establish a historical and contemporary record of all monuments … and to prepare detailed topographical maps, architectural plans and surveys of their history and condition (Weeks 2000:1).” The book
The most common ancient Egyptian burial practice is the mummification process as depicted in source B. Mummification is a ritual that embalmers performed when a pharaoh died. Source B is a photograph of the canoptic jars which are a main component of the mummification process. The first step in the mummification process is the removal and preservation of most of the internal organs, such as the lungs, the stomach, the liver and intestines. These organs are then separately embalmed and placed into canoptic jars as source B reveals. These jars were often decorated with one of the four animal-headed sons of the god Horus. Each head is believed to be the protector of each organ within the jar and is dedicated to a specific deity. The preservation of the organs is significant as they allowed the dead person to breathe and eat in the afterlife. The internal organs were then wrapped and put into either the body or put in boxes instead of sitting in jars. Canoptic jars were still placed in the tomb but they were solid or empty and provided a symbolic purpose. In Tutankhamun’s tomb the canoptic jars were discovered in a shrine that was found in the treasury room of the tomb. Source B is useful is when understanding the mummification process.
From 1095 to 1291 C.E., the Crusades spread across Europe in the name of Christianity. The high tension between the Muslims and the Christians was caused by the want of the city of Jerusalem. The Jews, the Christians, and the Muslims believed Jerusalem was theirs, and went to violent efforts to achieve it. In the movie, Kingdom of Heaven by Oliver Stone, the main character, Balian is thrown into the fight between the Christians and the Muslims. Kingdom of Heaven is a portrayal of one of the Crusades, and although the movie was based from real people, the film makers decided to change aspects about the characters and situations to relate to current events and audiences.
Thus, the art and architecture of Ancient Egypt stemmed directly from their religion. Egyptian theology, with its deified pharaohs and strange animal-headed gods, was complicated, but the most important belief was that survival after death depended upon the preservation of the body. This belief would influence the architectural design of the tomb, where the corpse was ultimately sealed (Silverman:142, 1997). Immortality was only for privileged royal and priestly beings (Stierlin:54, 1983).This implies that their tombs would be somewhat prestigious and not just and ordinary burial site. At the day of resurrection the Ka or soul would re-enter the dead body; this meant that it must be there, intact, ready for that moment. It followed logically, that 'once the corpse was embalmed or mummified, it must be preserved in an impregnable tomb.