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Recommended: Ethics in research
Willowbrook Institute was built in the late 1930s. It was a state-supported institution for mentally retarded children located in central Staten Island in New York City. By 1965 it had 6,000 residents, while it was only planned for 4,000. “A combination of rising placements, budget cuts, ignorance, arrogance and indifference, created notorious conditions at Willowbrook.” This institution was called a “snake pit” by Senator Robert Kennedy. It was very unsanitary and short staffed. Even though it was called a state school but very little “teaching” happened. Under these horrible conditions, children were deliberately infected with Hepatitis under the guidance of Dr. Saul Krugman, as part of an experiment to understand it more.
Saul Krugman studied at New York School of Medicine. He came to Willowbrook as a consultant in infectious disease from New York University and Bellevue Hospital. He was in charge with the hepatitis experiments. He proposed research that appeared promising in distinguishing between strains of Hepatitis and in developing a vaccine. The research was funded by the United States Army (which was interested in hepatitis among soldiers) and approved by the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene.
Krugman and his colleagues had many ethical considerations before beginning the trial. They said that it is well known that infectious hepatitis is much milder in young children. Also that the study group would contain only those who had their parents consent. Thay also said that their was already a serious uncontrollable endemic situation with Hepatitis and suitable studies would’ve lead to its control. They considered this experiment “passive active immunity”. They also felt like the experiment was ok since the plan wa...
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...less communicable. It was also found that the Gamma Globulin had a strong protective effect. One positive thing that came from this experiment is that the study produced a reduction of incidence of Hepatitis among patients and employees by “80 to 85 percent” in Willowbrook. This development did not make the unethical trial right.
After Willowbrook, Krugman received a lot of criticism because of the experiment he conducted, but In 1971 he received praise from the New York State Senate (Seymour B. Thaler) of Queens. He said that the work of Krugman had been done properly. He also called Dr. Krugman a dedicated researcher who had done a magnificent thing. Krugman received many awards for his accomplishments in Science ( ex. The Lasker Award and the Gold medal of the Robert Koch institute in 1978) Krugman Died in 1995 at the age of 84, because of a cerebral hemorrhage
During the 1960’s, America’s solution to the growing population of mentally ill citizens was to relocate these individuals into mental state institutions. While the thought of isolating mentally ill patients from the rest of society in order to focus on their treatment and rehabilitation sounded like a smart idea, the outcome only left patients more traumatized. These mental hospitals and state institutions were largely filled with corrupt, unknowledgeable, and abusive staff members in an unregulated environment. The story of Lucy Winer, a woman who personally endured these horrors during her time at Long Island’s Kings Park State Hospital, explores the terrific legacy of the mental state hospital system. Ultimately, Lucy’s documentary, Kings
“The Great Depression was a worldwide economic slump of the 1930’s” (Fetzer; p.338). The Great Depression caused a catastrophic amount of grief and distress for the citizens of the United States. Some of these citizens, however, faced more problems which caused grief and distress than others. Among those citizens were the mentally ill. During the era of the Great Depression, the mentally handicapped were treated unfairly in almost every aspect of their lives; this included how society treated them, how they were treated medically, and even how their personal lives were affected.
Hanlon use of appeal to ethos by claiming that, “I have always believed animal experimentation is not only right but a moral necessity. Put simply, without the use of animals in the lab we would not have modern medicine.” (1). Animals exhibit a different genetic and physiology than human beings and when drugs, like HIV vaccines, are tested on animals the effect of the medication may translate differently in the human body. In fact, the genetic composition of animals is completely different from human, and there might be catastrophic results if a medication is given to a human being, even if the medication is tested safe in animals. Hanlon argues that “we would have no cancer drugs, no effective antibiotics, no proper analgesic” (2) without animal testing. However, antibiotics and analgesics have undesired side effects in human such as vomiting, diarrhea, and nausea. Furthermore, Hanlon gives an example of an animal experimentation in which the Cardiff University has done by sewing thirty-one kittens’ eyelids shut to study the effects of lazy-eye in children (1). However, the British Union of the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) argues against Hanlon’s claim that “cat brains and cat vision are fundamentally different to human and it is hard to see how anything useful can be gained by the research” (Hanlon 1), and experiments
The foster care system, then as now was desperate for qualified homes. Kathy and her husband had become certified foster parents, she was a certified teacher, and they had empty beds in their home. Their phone soon bega...
There are a number of ethical issues in this case. A major ethical issue surrounding this study pertains to the subjects being enrolled without their informed consent. The test subjects were also promised free “bad blood” treatments, which is not what they were receiving at all. Members were misinformed of the purpose of the study and the details regarding their involvement. In addition they were not informed of the disease they had (syphilis) or how serious the disease processes were. An agreed autopsy after death had to be made in order to have their funeral costs paid for. None of the subjects were given proper treatment for their disease, and when penicillin became available as an effective treatment for syphilis, they were not allowed to
Physiologist is just one of the many titles earned by Ivan Pavlov. His unique background influenced his career greatly. Throughout his life he had many remarkable accomplishments. From dog treats to nerves of the heart, his experiments produced many useful conclusions. Also, his awards and leading positions emphasize his contributions to the many fields of science. Although he focused mostly in physiology, his studies have affected many realms of science, including psychology, and still prove accurate today.
This article expressed, in 1965, Senator Robert Kennedy went by the Willowbrook establishment in New York State where he depicted the living conditions as appalling and unsatisfactory. "They are living in rottenness and earth, their attire in clothes, in rooms less agreeable and lively than the confines in which we place creatures in a zoo." The monstrosities of Willowbrook introduced an era of promoters, charitable associations, suppliers, and experts who effectively pushed for huge change, starting in 1971 with the advancement of Medicaid Intermediate Care Facilities for Persons with Mental Retardation (ICFs/MR), later renamed as ICFs for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities
Dr. Baruch Blumberd first discovered HBV in 1963 when he discovered an antigen that had a presence of HBV in blood samples. Dr. Blumberd and his colleagues travelled around the world collecting blood samples. They specifically studied patients who had received multiple blood transfusions. After research, they found the antigen that caused hepatitis B. Hepatitis B was then recognized in 1967. Two years later, Dr. Blumberg and his colleague invented the hepatitis B vaccine. The hepatitis B vaccine was named the first anti-cancer vaccine from the US Food and Drug Administration due to its prevention of chronic hepatitis infections, which resulted in the prevention of liver cancer due to HBV. The hepatitis B vaccines are now given to millions of people, particularly in Asia and Africa.
The immigration of Mexicans and Puerto Ricans has brought tremendous talent and great people. However, in the process, the culture of Mexicans and Puerto Ricans are slowly diminishing. The idea of jobs being readily available for immigrants has deprived the culture and saturated the perception of Latin Americans as workaholics. The essays I chose were Puro Border and the Puerto Rican Obituary. Both essays have given context of how Puerto Ricans and Mexicans are slowly losing their identity in this great America. Also in this essay I will be explaining how material wealth can cause the border to become a vacuum.
Guidance for Ethics Review of Health-Related Research with Human Participants. Availiable at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502948_eng.pdf (Accessed: 28 January).
I would like to study nursing because it would lead me to one of the most fulfilling and satisfying careers I am very passionate about. Learning about nursing will make a positive change to people’s lives. My involvement in the care sector has reinforced my decision to study nursing. These experiences have set my priorities on track and given me the tools to want to become a nurse.
they had to do the research on children not getting the vaccines. Some of these children were still
The first article is entitled “of mice but not men: problems of randomized clinical trials,” is written by Samuel Hellman and Deborah S. Hellman discusses the issues of randomized medical testing and experiments on patients. The article describes the role of the personal physician and how the physician can take an ethical or unethical path of treating his/her patients. The relationship between the patient and physician is greatly emphasized because according to the article trust is very valuable in medicine especially when a patient’s life is at risk. A Kantian and a Utilitarian view of randomized clinical trials are debated but the authors clearly steers towards a Kantian point of view.
First off, they used real doctors. It’s always good to have a doctors opinion on something. Especially an experiment involving an actual human. They gave their opinion on fast food, and what they thought about the person eating all those meals. Also, they supervised the man and gave reports as they went. That’s my first reason.
In an experiment conducted with fluoride, 520 rats and mice were given the substance, and though it did not affect the mice, but it made the rats sick, and gave them cancer among other things. If a substance can have such widely varying results from a rat to a mouse, any animal to a human cannot be much different. Also, if penicillin were tested on guinea pigs, it would not be used today as it kills guinea pigs, aspirin kills cats, and morphine is a stimulant to cats goats and horses. Though it is thought that polio’s vaccine was discovered by experimentation through animals, this is not true. Dr. Albert Sabin, the developer of the oral vaccine to polio, stated that "paralytic polio could be dealt with only by preventing the irreversible destruction of the large number of motor nerve cells, and the work on prevention was delayed by an erroneous conception of the nature of the human disease based on misleading experimental models of the disease in monkeys."(PETA 1). Not only does animal experimentation have low scientific credibility, it causes great pain and discomfort to animals.