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Essay on zika virus infection
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An essay on the zika virus
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The article ‘Zika Virus and Microcephaly’ has broadly discussed the Zika virus. Zika virus has spread uncontrollably through South and Central America. There has been many cases reported of infants getting affected by the by the disease while they are in their mother’s womb; and also their has been increase in reports of infants born with microcephaly. Microcephaly is a congenital condition in which the child’s brain is not developed completely and their head is abnormally small. A pregnant European woman was found to have the symptoms of Zika virus while an ultrasonographic examinations was performed. The examination showed brain calcification and a small head which is most probably microcephaly. These symptoms are closely related with the
Polio: An American Story describes a struggle to find a vaccine on polio through several researchers’ lives, and over the course of many years. The second thesis is the struggle between Salk and Sabin, two bitter rivals who had their own vaccine that they believed would cure polio. The author David M. Oshinsky, is describing how difficult it was to find the cure to a horrifying disease, which lasted from the Great Depression until the 1960’s. Oshinsky then writes about how foundations formed as fundraisers, to support polio research. Lastly, the author demonstrates how researchers were forced to back track on multiple occasions, to learn more about polio.
Poliomyelitis was the term used by doctors to describe the condition in which the gray (polios) anterior matter of the spinal chord (myelos) was inflamed (-itis). Until a cure was discovered, no one had the slightest idea where "polio" had come from or why it paralyzed so many children. People learned later that, oddly enough, it was the improved sanitary conditions which caused children to be attacked by the virus. Since people were no longer in contact with open sewers and other unsanitary conditions which had exposed them to small amounts of the polio virus as infants, when paralysis is rare, the dis...
During fetal growth, the neural tube can develop any number of abnormalities. These “malformations occur because the tube fails to close properly, because parts of it are missing, or because part of the tube is blocked” (neural tube defect, 2014). Ramírez-Altamirano et al. (2012) have stated that “the most common types of neural tube defect are anencephaly, spina bifida, and encephalocele, all of which represent 95% of the cases.” Anencephaly is the most severe form of neural tube defect. In this condition the cephalic portion of the neural tube fails to close properly, resulting in very little cerebral tissue forming. Infants born with this defect are usually stillborn or live for a very short amount of time. Spina bifida consists of “a group of malformations of the spine in which the posterior portion of the bony canal containing the spinal cord is completely or partially absent” (Frazier & Drzymkowski, 2013, p. 63). This condition typically affects the lumbar portion of the neural tube, a...
Polio is a viral disease. It cripples thousands of people and infects even more every year. Even though millions are inoculated, and the polio disease has been successfully purged from hundreds of countries still thousands of people and developing countries are infected and still people are dying. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) polio affects the Central Nervous System, or CNS; by infesting the intestines and transmitting it into the nerves thought the blood vessels. There the virus spreads through the nerve cells to the brain stem or other motor units, while forever damaging the nerves.
Many infections end in stillbirth or miscarriage. Children who survive are likely to be born with serious problems, such as, seizures, an enlarged liver and spleen, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) and severe eye infections. Often, infected children don't develop signs and symptoms until later on, symptoms include hearing loss, mental disability or serious eye infections.
"West Nile Virus Disease And Other Arboviral Diseases-United States, 2011." American Journal Of Transplantation 12.10 (2012): 2849-2854. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 Nov. 2013.
While many forms of encephalitis exist, West Nile Virus was first isolated and identified in the West Nile District of Uganda in 1937. The virus, which was seemingly isolated to North Eastern Africa, became recognized as a cause of severe human meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the spinal cord and brain) in elderly patients during an outbreak in Israel in 1957. In addition to the human victims of this disease, the virus was found Egypt and France during 1960s to have fatal effects within horses. While this disease spread through Northern African and Southern Europe, 1999 marked the first appearance of West Nile Virus in North America, with encephalitis reported in both humans and horses.
The polio virus which causes poliomyelitis in humans is an enterovirus which belongs to the picornavirus (small, RNA) family. Polio virus is rapid, acid-resistant, stable, highly tissue specific and consists of a single-stranded, positive RNA. Polio virus is able to reside in the throat or intestinal tract of humans. Poliomyelitis is a highly contagious infectious disease which has three strains, poliovirus 1 (PV1), PV2 and PV3. Polio virus, although rare in developed countries, can be found in many under-developed countries due to the uncommonness of vaccinations there. Polio is known as a disease of development. The oldest known record of polio is in an Egyptian stone engraving of a young priest from 1350 B.C. with a withered leg, characteristic of a polio survivor. Loeffler and Frosch were the first individuals to see polio in 1898. The largest US epidemic was in 1916 in New York City.
The article is about how the Zika virus has reached Ontario from the first time. A Canadian citizen travelling back from Columbia brought it over and has now been in contact with their health care providers. This is not the first time the virus has come into Canada there has been a few cases in Alberta, B.C. and Quebec. It is unlikely that many Canadians will be infected with the virus, but knowing that this dangerous virus has crossed our border has many worried.
Zika virus is scary to many expectant mothers. To ease your mind and protect your baby, Nashville Fertility Center offers recommendations to prevent the virus.
Herpesviral encephalitis is encephalitis due to herpes simplex virus. Herpes simplex encephalitis is a viral infection of the human central nervous system. It is estimated to affect at least 1 in 500,000 individuals per century and some studies suggest an incidence rate of 5.9 cases per 100,000 live births. The majority of cases of herpes encephalitis are caused by herpes simplex virus-1, the same virus that causes cold sores. 57% of American adults are infected with HSV-1, which is spread through droplets, casual contact, and sometimes sexual contact, though most infected people never have cold sores. About 10% of cases of herpes encephalitis are due to HSV-2, which is typically spread through sexual contact. About
This restricted flow of CSF or malabsorption can result in symptoms and signs that vary with age, and disease progression.3 The most obvious sign of hydrocephalus is an unusually large head size.3 Other symptoms can include any combination of vomiting, irritability, downward deviation of the eyes, seizures, poor coordination, gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, mental retardation, lethargy, or other changes in personality or
The Zika virus is a mosquito-borne infection which studies say is the cause of microcephaly. This condition leads to babies being born with very small heads and incomplete brain development. The Zika virus is spread from one person to another by a mosquito called Aedes aegypti. Some people who are infected have symptoms such a mild fever, joint pain, and a rash. The Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 in Uganda, Africa. The virus hadn't been spread to the Americas until May of 2015 when scientists diagnosed the first case of Zika in Brazil. Since then, Brazil found more than 4,700 newborn babies were diagnosed with microcephaly. Many scientists believe getting a Zika infection during pregnancy might cause the microcephaly. Some South American
A spring break student service trip to Nicaragua was canceled due to concerns from students who had signed up regarding the recent zika virus concerns internationally.
...n causes of infantile paralysis and is prevalent in Asia Africa and the middle east it over the years it has declined and has faced some challenges in total eradication of the virus by different factors. Proper awareness programs, Political stability and security and Adequate supply of vaccine to endemic regions Migrants need to provide medical cards or medical reports stating they are free of the virus risk infection by the virus. Infected individuals should be quarantined and isolated.