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Zero-based budgeting essay paper
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Q1. Options to raise equity funds.
By understanding the equity base and financial statements of SRS LTD (Annual report, 2015) we can say company is performing better as the sales revenue is increasing every year. Company was having a turnover of Rs. 3447.83 crore in 2014, which increased to Rs 6000 crore in 2015 (Batra, 2015). Company invested a huge of amount in the real estate and has a land area of about 500 acres and now company is in process of building various projects as the land prices are going up on the daily basis so huge booking are made which is increasing the equity of the company (Srs real estate, 2015).
Various options to raise equity funds: -
Raising Equity Fund by Personal Capital – The company already own a medical equipment
These incudes such as Rental expenses, Factory area cleaning cost (Gowthrope, 2008).
This is not necessary in process costing environment because in this environment all the unit or products produced are identical or can be regarded as similar to other. So there is no need to distinguish between direct and indirect cost (Atrill and McLaney, 2009).
Q2.
Q3. Rationales for preparing zero- based budgeting?
A zero-based budgeting is defined, as it requires all expenses of each period to be classified. Zero base budgets are known as a budget created by scratching each period. It is distinguished from other traditional budgets, as this is not considered on the previous budgets, in short it ignores all the previous budgets held by the company (Wilkinson, 2013).
Rationales for preparing zero based budgeting- to control cost in the organization zero-based budgeting is the most efficient way (Wilkinson, 2013).
Main aim of zero based budgeting is to save money and improve on their services however their main goal is to lower wasteful expenses and on other hand without letting company to reduce its value (Goodrich, 2013).
Body Glove used a bottom up budgeting process because their main goal was to be entirely debt free as soon as possible to increase operating flexibility, not because they needed it for obtaining lines of credit and loans. This type of budget could have the company to evaluate its own performance and motivate its manager to increase sales and efficiency of the company.
With that being said, this writer can detail various examples where this writer was subject to being put on a budget in personal life as well as at work. For instance, when this writer wanted to make a purchase for something, this writer would put herself on a budget to save enough for that one object. Today, all the bills are kept track of along with the income made to budget myself. Thus budgeting is a never ending story of my life and others as well. However, in these examples budgeting can be a motivating experience as it is a way to keep me on track and knowing that there is light at the end of the tunnel. In these cases, budgeting in my personal life did and has helped my performance. At work, the budget has been cut on various occasions in which it directly affected individuals at the lower level of the hierarchy, such as myself. For instance, I drive to appointments to meet with clients. On several occasions for purposes of budget cuts, the mileage amount dropped from $0.56 per mile to $0.50 per mile, which made a great difference. Part of me was upset with this cut, however, another was still grateful that I had a job. Budgeting, is central to everyday operations in the workplace, as it is the driving force behind the services that are provided to the clients with DD and what will no longer be provided. In the cases, where some
Budgetary planning may differ between organizations. Single-period budgets and rolling budgets have methodologies that provide advantages and disadvantages that may make one budget time frame better than another. A single-period may require less time in planning during a fiscal year, but is less accurate than a rolling budget that is continuously planned on a repetitive basis. In either case, budgets are planned in advance in order for a company to operate profitably, and less so to have "actual results equal budgeted results." (p. 496)
Comparably, an alternate prescriptive model of budgeting is the Zero Based Budgeting theory (ZBB), which offers budget techniques and suggestions. Mostly utilized in smaller organizations, ZBB is incompatible with AMB because it is hyper-analytic where efficiency and rationality are primary goals. Key decision makers determine budgetary decision packages based on the prior fiscal year’s statistics. Marginality theory proponents adopt a “means-to-ends” (Williams and Calabrese, 2013, 8) mentality, supporting control performance budgeting measures like line-item restrictions, budget reports and cost-benefit analysis. Like Goodnow, Buck and Cleveland, I am an advocate for a “complete budgetary process” that is rational and fair.
Budgets has been widely used by a lot of organizations since it was first introduced, because it can helps managers to properly plan and control the business’s resources. Successful control mechanisms as Schick believes are the essential to budgetary development (Gray, Jenkins, and Segsworth, 2002, p.11). However, recently the use of budgets to control organizations has been the subject to criticise and debate (Hansen et al., 2003 cited in Libby and Lindsay, 2010). In this era that full of unpredictable environments has make it even harder for a business to achieve the targets set in the budgets. In fact, European surveys also reported that there has been a growing dissatisfaction among organizations about their budgeting system (Neely et al.,
Top-down budgeting is the preferred method of budgeting for government agencies and many organizations (Ljungham). The methodology of top-down budgeting is described as “dominated by top members of the executive branch and the legislative branch” (Williams & Calabrese, 2011, 178). The methodology entrusts top members to make annual budgeting decisions for their organizations. In many instances, top members also use this time to set annual program or department goals and targets. Top members make these decisions without solicitation of input from bottom levels of an organization. This can result in operational and logistical constraints in the lower levels of an organization when plans are implemented (Williams & Calabrese, 2011). Additionally, it can serve as a source of frustration for staff when uninformed budgeting decisions create consequences. This is particularly true when staff is tasked with making things work in the aftermath of budgeting decisions, despite having clear or attainable goals and budgets. Like all budgeting methodologies, there are benefits and difficulties.
(Cronkhite, 2013) All organization requires specific planning and a clear understanding of the organization object. (McHatton, Bradshaw, Gallagher, & Reeves, 2011) With the budgeting which ensures that the funds necessary to carry out the organizational activities and once the budget is approve operational activities are conducted within the approved plan. (Cronkhite, 2013) The Capital budget contains large items since as location or a new building. (Cronkhite, 2013) This type of budgeting is done until the organization or project is complete. (Cronkhite, 2013) Line item budget is those items that are needed yearly in order to the organization to operate. (Cronkhite, 2013) This includes employee salaries all the way down to office basic stationery. (Cronkhite, 2013) The budgeting process is not something that is done once a year; it is a continual process of regular review and in some case possible for revision. (Cronkhite, 2013) In some case a zero based budgeting comes into play. This type of budgeting is also known as the “died of its own weight”. (Cronkhite, 2013) This is only done if there is a reduction in the organization by at 5%, 10% or 20% on how the essential programs would continue to function. (Cronkhite,
Why is a financial system important to an HCO; does a budget really make a difference? The HCO is undergoing many exciting changes that effect how the HCO operates. There are technological Electronic Health Records (EHR) and Electronic Medical Records (EMR) upgrades, payment, and system billing changes and practices, and quality improvement measures. The swift changes in Healthcare include costs that require a financing budgeting system. “The financial plan is a reality check for the HCO organization” (White and Griffith 433). A finance system records and reports HCO transactions. The recorded transactions are useful to set and achieve performance improvement measures.
In conclusion, the advantages of participative budgeting include an increase and transferral of information, an increase in subordinate morale and job satisfaction, the development of negotiation skills and goal congruence. However these advantages only come into full affect when particular conditions are present, without these conditions it may turn into a disadvantage through budgetary slack, low job satisfaction and responsibility.
Process costing System is an accounting expression which describes one method to determine the manufacturing costs to the units manufactured . Processing is typically used when similar units are mass produced. Also process costing system is a type of accounting process costing which is used to determine the cost of a produced inventory. Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) defines process costing as " The costing method applicable where goods or services result from a sequence of continuous or repetitive operations or processes. Costs are average over the units produced during the period, being initially charged to the operation or process "( College Accounting Coach, 2007). Process costing is more important and appropriate for all businesses producing identical products during which production is an ongoing flow. Toyota is on the of the major companies in the world that used well-known new philosophic management to produce identical products using process costing system.
Quantitative plans are called budgets. Budgets are prepared to impose cost controls on the activities of an organization (Chenhall, 1986).Budgets are then used to evaluate the performance of the management and budget itself is considered as a standard to evaluate the performance Solomon, 1956). The purpose of the budget is also to implement the strategy of the organization and communicate it to the employees of the organization Rickards (2006). The change in the external environment has led to the change in the budgeting approaches from the initial cash based budgets to the zerio based budgets (Bovaird, 2007).
“A budget is a plan” (Finkler, Kovner, & Jones, 2007, p. 232). The budgeting process consists of two components forecasting the budget and maintaining the budget (Clark, 2005). In the budgeting process, the manager 's responsibilities include accountability, analyzing variances and managing expenses. When the actual budget differs from the forecasted budget, a variance has occurred and needs to be examined further. Budgets can be used in the both the internal and external benchmarking process to see how the organization is performing compared to similar organizations.
It requires an adequate and sound organizational structure, that is, there must be a definite assignment of responsibility for each function of the enterprise. Budgeting compels all the members of management, from the top to bottom to participate in the establishment of goals and plans. Budgeting compels departmental managers to make plans in harmony with the other departments and of the entire enterprise. Budgeting helps the management to put down in figures what is necessary for a satisfactory performance. Budgeting helps the management to plan for the most economical use of labor, material and capital. Budgeting tends to remove the cloud of uncertainty that exists in many organizations, especially among lower levels of management, relative to basic policies and objectives. Budgeting promotes an understanding among members of management of their co-workers' problems. Budgeting force management to give adequate attention to the effects of general business conditions. Budgeting aids in obtaining bank credit as banks commonly require a projection of future operations and cash flows to support
An advantage of performance budgeting would be transparency; this type of budgeting allows stakeholders the ability to ascertain the amount of service delivered for the funded cost. Basically it measures to what extent does government agencies getting what they paid for. This type of budgeting also provides an avenue by which management and line staff can contribute feedback for the enhancement of a program’s success.
According to Rubin (1997), the function of theory is to provide orientation to a field, to state assumptions, to point to certain problems as of key significance, and to come up with some hypotheses about what causes what. Budgeting theory is helpful in explaining what budgeting is and how it operates. As Rubin (1997) explains much of the literature has taken the perspective that budgeting is decision making, and the task of theory is to provide decision making that occurs during the budgeting. While there is no widely accepted set of linked hypotheses concerning cause and effect in the field of budgeting (Rubin, 1997), recent studies (e.g. Hall, Smith, Mitton & Bryan, 2016; Lazenby 2013) have shown that in the past century, two theories of budgeting have dominated: incrementalism and rationalism.