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Nonviolent philosophies and tactics
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Taking a seat at the lunch counter, I tried to mentally prepare myself for what was in store. I placed the headphones on my head, my hands on the table, closed my eyes and was greeted with an affirming voice:
“This your time first right? So far, so good...nice and calm, you’ll be alright, just stay calm.”
Moments later, the shouts of those opposed to my actions grew, repeating “get up, get up, get up,” each louder than the last. I wanted to drop everything and run away from the counter for protection, but I couldn’t. I needed to stay. I needed to endure the same humiliation and dehumanizing threats that those who sat at the lunch counter before myself experienced.
“If you don’t get up boy, I’m gon’ kill you... right in front of everybody. I’m gonna take this fork and I’ma jam it right into your neck”
I did nothing to deserve this. I simply just took a seat and wanted to be served like everyone else in this establishment, but
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Many exhibits had caught my attention, but the one that grabbed it was the Woolworth Lunch Counter. It’s a simulation that allows visitors to experience what the young men and women protesters went through. I thought I would’ve been able to put on a tough persona and breeze through this simulation, however, I couldn’t. This makes me wonder how the men and women who actually participated in the sit-ins were able to. They allowed themselves to be dehumanized, endured racial slurs, brutal attacks and showed no signs of retaliation. This takes an unmeasurable amount of dedication and self-resilience, which I hope to learn by traveling to 1960. Their actions remind me that you don’t need to do something massive to make a change and that even the smallest actions can ignite the most significant mass movements. From these students, I can learn what it truly means to be a servant leader—someone who focuses on the growth and well-being of their local
Anne Moody’s Coming of Age in Mississippi and Eyes on the Prize characterize life for African-Americans during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s as full of tension, fear, and violence. Eyes on the Prize is a documentary series that details major figures and events of the movement, while Anne Moody gives a deeply personal autobiographical account of her own experiences as an African American growing up in deeply segregated and racist Mississippi and as a civil rights activist during and after college. These two accounts are very different in their style yet contain countless connections in their events and reflect many ongoing struggles of the movement. These sources provide an excellent basis for discussion of nonviolence versus violence
The Sixties, by Terry H. Anderson, takes the reader on a journey through one of the most turbulent decades in American life. Beginning with the crew-cut conformity of 1950s Cold War culture and ending with the transition into the uneasy '70s, Anderson notes the rise of an idealistic generation of baby boomers, widespread social activism, and revolutionary counterculture. Anderson explores the rapidly shifting mood of the country with the optimism during the Kennedy years, the liberal advances of Johnson's "Great Society," and the growing conflict over Vietnam that nearly tore America apart. The book also navigates through different themes regarding the decade's different currents of social change; including the anti-war movement, the civil rights struggle, and the liberation movements. From the lunch counter sit-in of Greensboro, N.C. in 1960 and the rise of Martin Luther King, Jr. to the Black Power movement at the decade's end, Anderson illustrates the brutality involved in the reaction against civil rights, the radicalization of some of the movement's youth, and the eventual triumphs that would change America forever. He also discusses women's liberation and the feminist movement, as well as the students' rights, gay rights, and environmental movements.
One of the first documented incidents of the sit-ins for the civil rights movement was on February 1, 1960 in Nashville, Tennessee. Four college African-Americans sat at a lunch counter and refused to leave. During this time, blacks were not allowed to sit at certain lunch counters that were reserved for white people. These black students sat at a white lunch counter and refused to leave. This sit-in was a direct challenge to southern tradition. Trained in non-violence, the students refused to fight back and later were arrested by Nashville police. The students were drawn to activist Jim Lossen and his workshops of non-violence. The non-violent workshops were training on how to practice non-violent protests. John Lewis, Angela Butler, and Diane Nash led students to the first lunch counter sit-in. Diane Nash said, "We were scared to death because we didn't know what was going to happen." For two weeks there were no incidences with violence. This all changed on February 27, 1960, when white people started to beat the students. Nashville police did nothing to protect the black students. The students remained true to their training in non-violence and refused to fight back. When the police vans arrived, more than eighty demonstrators were arrested and summarily charged for disorderly conduct. The demonstrators knew they would be arrested. So, they planned that as soon as the first wave of demonstrators was arrested, a second wave of demonstrators would take their place. If and when the second wave of demonstrators were arrested and removed, a third would take their place. The students planned for multiple waves of demonstrators.
On December 5, 1955, thousands of African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama walked, carpooled, or hitchhiked to work in an act of rebellion against segregation on buses. This bus boycott was not the first of its kind – black citizens of Baton-Rouge, Louisiana had implemented the same two years prior – but the bus boycott in Montgomery was a critical battle of the Civil Rights Movement. Though the original intent of the boycott was to economically cripple the bus system until local politicians agreed to integrate the city’s buses, the Montgomery Bus Boycott impacted the fabric of society in a much deeper way. Instead of only changing the symptoms of a much larger problem, this yearlong protest was the first step in transforming the way all Americans perceived freedom and equality. Though the boycott ended when the Supreme Court ruled bus segregation unconstitutional, this was not directly caused by the refusal to ride buses, and thus cannot be defined as the primary triumph of the boycott. Instead, the Montgomery Bus Boycott succeeded in changing the consciousness of millions of Americans, specifically southern blacks. A revolution of the mind was the greatest success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and this transformation occurred due to the small validations throughout the boycott that African Americans, as unified, free citizens, had power.
This is not only shown by the successful nature of the bus boycott, but it is shown through the success of Martin Luther King’s SCLC, or Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The conference was notable for peaceful protesting, nonviolence, and civil disobedience. Thanks to the SCLC, sit-ins and boycotts became popular during this time, adding to the movement’s accomplishments. The effective nature of the sit-in was shown during 1960 when a group of four black college students sat down at a Woolworth’s lunch counter in hopes of being served. While they were not served the first time they commenced their sit-in, they were not forced to leave the establishment; their lack of response to the heckling and ill-treatment they received inspired blacks throughout the deep South to imitate their actions....
One hundred years after the Emancipation Proclamation was written, African Americans were still fighting for equal rights in every day life. The first real success of this movement did not come until the Brown vs. Board of Education decision in 1954 which was followed by many boycotts and protests. The largest of these protests, the March on Washington, was held on August 28, 1963 “for jobs and freedom” (March on Washington 11). An incredible amount of preparation went into the event to accommodate the hundreds of thousands of people attending from around the nation and to deal with any potential incidents.
...rations. Segregation, which was once considered the norm, is now a thing of the past because of such demonstrations. Women were considered inferior to men and were forced to stay at home in the traditional role of housewife until the 1960s. The fact that women united together for equality allowed them to become active in politics, professional roles, and have control over their own bodies. Protestors in the 90s brought attention to inequality on a different level. The environment and economic inequality were now pressing issues. Demonstrations brought public attention to environmental, global, and economic issues. Without unity from these groups the United States would be a completely different country. It is with great admiration that I discuss the events and struggles that these people endured, for I don’t know if I would have the courage to do the same.
Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair Jr., Joseph McNeil and David Richmond were freshmen at the Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina located in Greensboro. On February 1, 1960, they walked to the F.W. Woolworth Company store, sat on stools meant exclusively for white customers and asked to be served. When they were denied, they remained seated until the store closed. The story of the “Greensboro Four” initiated a movement that would eventually accumulate to over 70,000 sit-in participants within the next year in downtowns all across America.1 While Greensboro did initiate the movement, it would not have been sustained without the help of Nashville, TN. By comparing and contrasting the
We focused on choosing a topic that really came true to the National History Day theme of taking a stand. We chose the Astor Place Riots, which occurred on May 10th, 1849 in Manhattan, New York City, because it represented people taking a stand for the actors Edwin Forrest (American) and William Charles Macready (English). The riots were one of the most catastrophic events in New York history. We went into research for the two actors’ background, and the full details of the riots. We chose this topic because we wanted to work on a project that had deep history and something that not many people have heard of. We started our research by visiting many articles that we searched on Google. Finding all of our secondary sources was easy. Primary sources were a bit harder to find because our topic is older. We went deep into finding primary sources, such as going to the library and finding books on the Astor Place Riots. We also found many pictures that showed actual evidence of the riots and the intensity of the event.
Scenes from a Corner Store present the topic of adaption of immigrants into Canada with the Bak family, who encompass the ideology that the next generations of their daughters will deviate from cultural tradition. In terms of assimilation, the family interacts heavily with only Koreans, such as the dinner that Mr Bak and his wife attend for Store Owners every month. At these dinners, the most popular conversation is the condition of their children’s marriage and who they should marry indicating an importance of marriage when an individual is of age. Moreover, there is a huge importance on endogamy with a taboo on exogamy. This importance on endogamy lead to Carolyn concealing her boyfriend Rob from her parents for so long. This is indicated
The first sit-in was on February 1, 1960. It was planned by four students from North Carolina A&T University, Joseph McNeil, Ezell Blair Jr, Franklin McCain, and David Richmond. The four friends had often talked about making a change, but grew tired of idle talk and decided to act. They went to Woolworth’s department store, to buy school supplies and were served without a problem. After they finished their shopping, they all sat down at the lunch counter. The counter they chose to sit at was a “whites only” food counter, and they were refused service. There was a separate counter for black people outside the store, but it was much lower quality and only sold hotdogs. The main store area allowed both black and white to shop, but their eating
Often times I have feared the unknown and allowed others to influence my perception of situations. For years, I let other people’s thoughts determine how I saw Jacqueline Smith, the woman who quietly protests in front of the Civil Rights Museum. It was not until August 22, 2016, that I mustered the courage to talk to what many considered, “the crazy woman in front of the museum”. Conversing with Ms. Smith not only opened my eyes to how great a role the media plays in deceiving the public, it also made me more aware of how her truth needed to be heard.
“You dumb? Are your eyes that slanted to see that sign? Just in case you don’t know how to read English, it says ‘no going to train tracks’.” I was speechless. I have never heard such harsh racist remarks towards me. My friends teased me as a kid, but I understood that it was a joke, it was light, and we were kids. The sheriff, however, was serious. He continued to berate me, challenge my manhood, and insult my culture. “He won’t do anything, he’s Asian” he said to his companions. They laughed and encouraged the offender as I stood there holding tears of anger back. He continued to use racist remarks and use expletives to describe me then dares me to attack him. I stood there, humiliated and angry in front of a handful of people watching from the platform. In a moment of vulnerability, I wanted to punch him. Growing up, my father trained me to box and continued for years. But if boxing taught me anything, violence is never an answer outside the ring. However, I was in his “ring,” and won. As he dared me to attack, I smiled and told him he was absolutely correct and I would take a ticket for my recklessness. Surprised, he let me walk away and labeled me
The 1960 Greensboro sit-ins were a way in which African Americans protested against racial segregation. The people who participated in the sit-ins were well aware of the trouble they could get into and yet they accepted that. Young black students attending North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University and Bennett College, inspired by Martin Luther King, gathered to protest racial segregation at the local Woolworth. Initially, four students came in and requested to be served lunch from the “whites only” counter of the store, but they were denied service and were asked to leave. The students refused and
In the documentary we watched in class, called Eyes on the Prize, we witnessed the preparation before each student went through before they were able to participate in the sit-ins. The documentary revealed the violent tactics of some folks displayed in result of the protestors. The protestors faced brutal beatings, and after the violence they faced, the protestors were the ones that were taken to jail (Eyes on the Prize). Each student needed to be well prepared for the sit-ins because their patience was going to be tested. The training was just a small dose of what may happen at the restaurants, but anything could have been expected. The training allows the students to be somewhat prepared for violent reactions, and this is essential in order to keep the movement nonviolent. The SNCC discussed “nonviolence and direct action…in an organizational context of skilled strategists,” and activist began training students in sit-in techniques (Polletta). The world was against the protestors, and the public could have reacted in anyway, so in order to be ready for anything that may have been thrown their way. The students could not just walk into a restaurant and sit at the lunch counter, because they needed to be prepared, in order for there to be synchronization between the entire group. Also the SNCC was