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Critically analyse the unlawful act of manslaughter
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Recommended: Critically analyse the unlawful act of manslaughter
Through the result and decision of Wilson, there has been a development of case and statute law in the area of manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act. This is due to the interpretation of the elements of unlawful and dangerous for future common law decisions, and is now evident in statute law.
The test of Holzer, which was followed by the majority of judges in Wilson, has resulted in a great impact of case and statute law. In particular, the impact of the case of Wilson was the application of the test, determined the elements of the act of manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act. It was held in Wilson that for an act to be considered unlawful, it must breach an area of criminal law. Secondly, it was decided through Wilson what
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This has been taken to be a dangerous act. This includes an act that is delivered to the head or neck of the victim, for the purpose of common law relating to manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act. This resolves any ambiguity and confusion as to whether, to satisfy the offence of manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act, if the act is dangerous. In reference to Wilson, it had to be determined if the blow to the neck was appreciable risk of injury, and therefore dangerous. However, in any cases where this same problem may arise, the Crimes Act now includes this as manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act. If the same or similar case as Wilson and others were to occur, through the application of s 4A of the Crimes Act, the defendant would be guilty of manslaughter, if all other elements were …show more content…
This does not allow for an objective approach to be taken in each circumstance that arrives and simply treats all cases as the same. This knee-jerk reaction of punitive legislation implemented by New South Wales occurred four days after Loveridge, with arguably minimal input from any relevant interest groups. Therefore, there is a high level or argument and interest put forward for both sides, for and against the recent implementation of single-punch manslaughter, as a development and furthered scope of manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act. As the legislation implemented was in achieved in a very short period, it did not allow for further deliberation with interest groups and other persons of interest to determine if it reflects the best interests of the community. There is a high level of negative connotations that have resulted from single-punch law, which identifies with a large sector of the community, especially the academic community that do not support these new provisions in the
The High Court of Australia referred to the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) as well as the Liquor Act 1982 (NSW). It was concluded that the evidence at the previous trial lacked the proof that security personnel would have stopped the re-entry of the determined gunman who was acting
. Motion: Detective Willis’ questioning after Captain Wilson’s request for an attorney did not violate Captain Wilson’s Fifth Amendment rights. Along with Captain Wilson’s statement to the undercover police detective is admissible as evidence under the Fifth Amendment.
[which] includ[es] family members, [and] spouses.” (Miller, 2014). Arguably this helps society function because the one that has taken another’s life is not making capital gain from their crime; therefore, they cannot act in such a way and expect to be rewarded from it. Also, on a social institutional level other family members and the public are, understandably, distressed over the death of the one that they lost, but if the one that caused the death of the person were to make gain it would hardly be fair on a moral and norm basis. Though there is mixed research whether there can be deterrents within the laws, this perhaps can be a deterrent as the MPs have struck down on not providing capital gain to the assailant but then again, there is can be the mentality of ‘getting away with it’ as well. Nevertheless, this follows the functionalist model of lawmaking because it reinforces a behaviour as wrong, and unproductive to societies members and institutions.
Argumentative Essay on Capital Punishment in Australia Capital punishment is barbaric and inhumane and should not be re-introduced into Australia. Although capital punishment has been abolished, the debate on this topic has never abated. When a particularly heinous crime is committed, this debate arouses strong passions on both sides. Many who advocate the abolition of capital punishment consider the death penalty to be cruel and inhuman, while those who favor of punishment by death see it as a form of just retribution for the gravest of crimes. Determining whether Queensland should re-introduce capital punishment as a sentence will be the focus of this assignment.
The valid point is concerned with Goodhart’s article “Determining the Ratio Decidedi of a Case. Simpson accepts the Goodhart theory proposition that ‘‘the ratio decidendi of a case can be defined as the material facts of the case plus the decision thereon.” He points out that there is an opposed theory, which maybe conveniently called ‘classical theory’ which is that “the ratio is ‘the principle of law which the judge considered necessary to his decision.’’ The Supreme Court’s approach to the illegality defence in decisions, bringing tension in judicial decision between the need for legal certainty and need to achieve fair result. Therefore, quantitative research on whether extra-legal factors influenced judicial decision making has found no universally applicable answers as some variables can explain certain judicial behaviour in some situations but, both in others. When interpreting and applying legislations, to decided case, especially when cases involve ambiguous aspect of a statute which is statutory interpretation; which over time, various methods and construction has fallen in and out of favour including the primary rules (literal,mischief
Review the scenario below. Consider the legal principles influencing the likelihood of any successful action against Steve in negligence.
The defendant was a jealous woman who had been romantically involved with a man, Mr Jones, who had then gone on to have a relationship with another woman, Ms Booth, who he later became engaged to in the spring of 1971. The defendant, as a result, went to Ms Booth’s home and poured petrol through her letterbox, she then put newspaper, which she set on fire through also. This quickly ignited and the defendant went straight home without alerting anyone to the blaze, which was spreading. Although Ms Booth and her son were able to escape through a window, her two daughters perished, as they were asphyiciated by the fumes from the flames, which were engulfing their house as they slept. The defendant argued that she was not guilty of murder as she did not intend on causing harm or killing anyone, she had just wanted to frighten Ms Booth and as a result should only be found guilty of manslaughter.
The actus reus and causation are the first elements that need to be satisfied. The defendant, Harry in this case must be proved to have caused the victim’s death. In this instance two matters need to be considered. Whether the defendant in fact caused the victim’s death and if so, if it can he be held to have caused it in the eyes of the law. Regarding causation in law, in R v Smith [1959] 2 QB 35 it was held that ‘the defendant’s act would be regarded as the cause in Law, if it could be shown that it was the operating and substantial cause of death,’ which we see here. It is clearly illustrated that Harry in fact, caused William’s death instantly by driving the lemon slicer into his heart. According to the Court of Appeal in R v Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279 and R v Cheshire [1991] 1 WLR 844 the issue of factual causation is mainly one for the jury once it has been determined by the courts that there is enough evidence to be left to them and this can be established through the ‘but for’ test. However there appears to be no issues regarding causation in this case because William’s death is caused instantly by Harry.
The establishment of the Subjective definition of recklessness was through the case of Cunningham. In R v Cunningham D broke a gas metre to steal money contained within the metre, leading to a gas leak which caused D’s mother in law to become seriously ill. The subjective definition was developed here as D had been reckless as he had realised there was a risk of gas escaping and endangering someone, and went ahead with his action anyway. Therefore, demonstrating the subjective definition that a defendant to be guilty under Cunningham recklessness they must ...
J. M. Kelly, ‘The Malicious Injuries Code and the Constitution’. The Irish Jurist, vol. 4, New Series (NS) 221.
The use of capital punishment has progressively become problematic since the very first day it was put into practice. There are many great arguments both for and against capital punishment, but in my opinion the benefits of capital punishment outweigh any possible negative aspects. Although capital punishment sounds extreme, sometimes it is necessary when people execute extreme crimes. I would like to argue that in certain situations the use of capital punishment is morally acceptable.
To be convicted of murder the defendant must also be proven to be of ‘sound mind’. b) The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act
in criminal law and Beckett Ltd v. Lyons [1967] 1 All ER 833 the law
A contentious issue in current debate is the death penalty and its application in society. The death penalty, also known as capital punishment, occurs when a individual is punished by execution as a consequence of an offence they committed (Taylor, 2014). Although Australia does not practice the death penalty, many countries continue to employ it as a means of justice and uphold its value in society. The death penalty debate is a multifaceted issue, encompassing many aspects of society including ethics and morality, the judicial system, and politics and the economy. It will be argued that the death penalty is a morally dubious and obsolete practice that is no longer relevant in modern judiciary, as it breaches the inviolable human right to life. Ethics and morality are primary arguments for both supporting and opposing the death penalty, as some individuals believe that the death penalty is a immoral practice and others consider that it can be morally justified when prolific crimes are committed. Punishment is fundamental element to any legal system as a means of justice and ensuing that the offender is unable to commit additional crimes; however, in the case of the death penalty there can be dire consequences if the legal system is wrong. Politics and the economy are also greatly influenced by the death penalty as they determine if the practice is maintained. The death penalty breaches a number of human rights laws and some individuals support that it is immoral; however, others consider it to be justifiable due to the heinous actions of the offender.
However, a case is valid should revenge coexist together with sudden of loss control as illustrated in Baillie [1995] . V was killed after making threats to D’s son. Court of Appeal left to the jury to decide to whether loss of self-control existed. On the other hand, defence is not available should D have time to consider revenge as in Ibrams and Gregory [1981] where D was convicted of murder.