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Essay of history of psychology
Essays on the history of psychology
Essay of history of psychology
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Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Wundt was the first man to be called a psychologist without reference to a stronger interest. He established the first laboratory in the world that was dedicated to experimental psychology. He was considered to be the "Father of Experimental Psychology." He founded the modern science of psychology, and Wilhem Wundt knew just what he was doing.
Wilhelm Wundt was a German Psychologist. He was born in the village of Neckarau near Heidelberg in Baden on August 16th, 1832. He was an only child and the son of a Lutheran Pastor. As a child Wundt was never close to his parents. He hardly played yet spent most of his time with his tutor studying. He grew so attached to his tutor that when his tutor was transferred he was unconsolable until he too was able to board with him.
In 1851 Wilhelm Wundt studied at the University of Heidelberg in 1856. Throughout his career he was a professor of inductive philosophy at Zurich University in 1874. From 1875-1917 he was a professor of inductive philosophy at Leipzig University. Some of his students included J.M. Cattell, Titchener, and Spearman.
In 1879 wilhelm Wundt established the world's first experimental laboratory in psychology, "The Institute Experimentelle Psycholgie." The laboratory became a main focus for those with serious interest in psychology. It was first used by German philosophers and psychology students. Later on the laboratory was used for American and British studies as well.
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When Otto von Bismarck was recalled from Paris to become Minister-President of Prussia in 1862, German nationalism was already more than 40 years old. First apparent in the opposition to Napoleon´s occupation of the German states, national feeling grew into a movement after 1815. This feeling was encouraged by a growth of interest in German literature and music and by increased economic cooperation between the north German states. By 1848 it was strong enough to make the creation of a united Germany one of the main demands of the revolutionaries. Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian patriot who inherited the traditions of love of king, army and country from his family.
In 1974, Milgram set up an experiment at Yale University to test how much pain a person might inflict on another person simply because they were ordered to do so. The basic design of the experiment called for volunteers to take part in a psychology lab experiment to study learning and memory.... ... middle of paper ... ...
Hamerow begins his introduction with a defense of the theory that history is determined by the great people of society or The Great Man Theory of history. He goes on to say that “They are the makers of the world in which we live. Otto Von Bismarck belongs in this Company.”
"We could describe (Heinrich) Schliemann's excavations on the hill of Hissarlik and consider their results without speaking of Troy or even alluding to it," Georges Perrot wrote in 1891 in his Journal des Savants. "Even then, they would have added a whole new chapter to the history of civilization, the history of art" (qtd. in Duchêne 87). Heinrich Schliemann's life is the stuff fairy tales are made of. A poor, uneducated, and motherless boy rises through his hard work and parsimonious lifestyle to the heights of wealth (Burg 1,2). He travels the world and learns its languages ("Heinrich Schliemann"), takes a beautiful Greek bride, and together they unearth the treasures of Troy and the citadel of Agamemnon, thereby fulfilling the dream he has chased since childhood (Calder 18,19; Burg 8). Indeed, by presenting his life in romantic autobiographies as a series of adventures, starring Heinrich Schliemann as the epic hero (Duchêne 14), he ensured his status as a lasting folk hero and perennial bestseller (Calder 19).
The development of psychology like all other sciences started with great minds debating unknown topics and searching for unknown answers. Early philosophers and psychologists such as Sir Francis Bacon and Charles Darwin took a scientific approach to psychology by introducing the ideas of measurement and biology into the way an indi...
The two main discoverers of this learning theory are John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. Watson believed that human behavior was a result of the environment and the stimuli that brought about specific responses from it. He believed that the human development could be determined from what is observed instead of trying to decipher what kind of brain processes
Schmied, L. A., Steinberg, H., & Sykes, E. A. B. (2006). Psychopharmacology's debt to experimental psychology. History of Psychology, 9, 144-157.
Rieber, R. W. (2001). Wilhelm Wundt in history: the making of a scientific psychology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Although, there was no field called cognitive psychology during the 19th century, Donders and Ebbinghaus were referred to as cognitive psychologists because both of their experiments dealt with the studying of the mind. Donder’s experiment focuses on a person’s Reaction-time in order
Lightner Witmer could be seen as the father of clinical psychology as he was the first person to see psychology as more than a pure science. He began assisting a young boy with his difficulty with spelling, then he founded his first journal in this new field of psychology that he started. He began to call it clinical psychology which he defined as the “study of individuals” which would be done by observation or experimentation. It would be put to use in World War One when the military needed psychologists to conduct tests of intelligence on the soldiers they were called Army Alpha and...
Psychology started, and had a long history, as a topic within the fields of philosophy and physiology. It then became an independent field of its own through the work of the German Wilhelm Wundt, the founder of experimental psychology and structuralism. Wundt stressed the use of scientific methods in psychology, particularly through the use of introspection. In 1875, a room was set-aside for Wundt for demonstrations in what we now call sensation and perception. This is the same year that William James set up a similar lab at Harvard. Wilhelm Wundt and William James are usually thought of as the fathers of psychology, as well as the founders of psychology?s first two great ?schools? Structuralism and Functionalism. Psychologist Edward B Titchner said; ?to study the brain and the unconscious we should break it into its structural elements, after that we can construct it into a whole and understand what it does.? (psicafe.com)
There have been many theorists when in comes to Psychology but the main three are Sigmund Freud, who discovered psychoanalysis, Carl Rogers, who founded the Humanistic approach, and Albert Bandura who discovered the social cognitive theory. All three of these individuals are important and their opinions are highly valued. Each of them gives different ideas and attempt to give an explanation about the way personality develops.
Born in the summer of September 17, 1826 in Breselenz, Kingdom of Hanover what’s now modern-day Germany the son of Friederich Riemann a Lutheran minister married to Charlotte Ebell was the second of six children of whom two were male and four female. Charlotte Ebell passed away before seeing any of her six children reach adult hood. As a child Riemann was a shy child who suffered of many nervous breakdowns impeding him from articulating in public speaking but he demonstrated exceptional skills in mathematics at an early age. At the age of four-teen Bernhard moved to Hanover to live with his grandmother and enter the third class at Lynceum two years later his grandmother also passed away he went on to move to the Johanneum Gymnasium in Lunberg and entered High School. During these years Riemann studied the Bible, Hebrew, and Theology but was often amused and side tracked by Mathematics. Showing such interests in mathematics the director of the gymnasium often time allowed Riemann to lend some mathemat...
Psychology is the study of the mind, its biology, and behavior if the individual. The father of psychology, Wilhelm Wundt, used objective measurement and controlled analyzing to find and emphasize separation between psychology and philosophy (McLeod). Wundt opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879, using his background in physiology to study reactions and sensations (McLeod). There is no doubt that he, along with the later help of Sigmund Freud, launched what is now modern psychology. Psychology and its research helped the world understand the inner workings of the mind and how it affects everyone around us.
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) produced two commonly recognised stages of thought in 20th century analytic philosophy, both of which are taken to be central and fundamental in their respective periods. His early philosophy in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, first published in 1921, provided new insights into relationships between the world, thought, language and the nature of philosophy by showing the application of modern logic to metaphysics via language. His later philosophy, mostly found in Philosophical Investigations, published posthumously in 1953, controversially critiqued all traditional philosophy, including his own previous work. In this essay I will explain, contrast and evaluate both stages of his philosophy, highlighting strengths and weaknesses and concluding that Wittgenstein’s late philosophy has provided an interesting explanation for the meaning of language.