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Barriers and enablers to gender equality in sport
Barriers and enablers to gender equality in sport
Barriers and enablers to gender equality in sport
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Why female colleges are the best 4 years investment for girls? ‘Keep Wellesley as a special place as it is, keep it as a place where young women can feel as free as we felt to explore…(Clinton, 2013)” Those were the words from the former first lady and actual U.S secretary of state, Hillary Rodham Clinton. Female colleges from Clinton’s perspective is that they are magnificent places where women freely develop leadership roles without being distract from the male presence. These single sex colleges offer a huge range of development areas for women in order to become them excellent leaders and efficient professionals at whichever area they wish to perform. The issue is not to compete between the education quality offered by female colleges and coed-schools. Both of them offer a good educational curriculum, but they might offer a different environment which influences the skill development of girls. Hence, by analyzing a variety of results from students coming from women colleges allowed to state that Female colleges are empowering effective tools for women, because they help them to fully develop their academic, communication and leaderships skills oppressed by society. “High percentage of female students are concerned about their body appearance, female colleges carries with the consequence of promoting a physical and academic competition among their students” (Spencer, 2013). There is social pressure everywhere, perhaps by thinking of a society full of women, as in a female college, we tend to believe that there is a more complex physical appearance peer pressure among students. The truth is that in a society where there is female and males interacting, females tend to spend more time trying to excel their physical appearance i... ... middle of paper ... ...3. Web. 12 Feb 2014. Donner, Francesca. "Women’s College Alumnae among Forbes 100 Most Powerful Women."WomensCollege.org. the Women's College Coalition, 19 Aug 2009. Web. 12 Feb 2014. Spencer, Bettina. “Only Girls Who Want Fat Legs Take the Elevator: Body Image in Single-Sex and Mixed-Sex Colleges”. Sex Roles. 69.7/9 (2013): 469-479. Academic Search Premier. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. Society of Women Engineers. "Women in Engineering”. College of Engineering. The University of Oklahoma, 8 Jan 2014. Web. 12 Feb 2014. Picho, Katherine. "Culture, Context and Stereotype Threat: A Comparative Analysis of Young Ugandan Women in Coed and Single-Sex Schools...” Academic Search Premier. 105.1 (2012): 52-63. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. Thompson, J.S. The Effect of Single-Sex Secondary Schooling On Women’s Choice of College Major. Sociological Perspectives, 46, 257-278 (2013).Web. 12 Feb 2014.
In brief, this article presents a view that women in engineering must enter the field as “conceptual men”. This means that in order to succeed in a male dominated field, women must essentially “become like men”. The article goes on to interview women in the engineering field. In particular, Ranson (2005) interviews women with and without children. This provides differing views of how women in engineering with and without children in engineering have approached their jobs.
Sadker, Myra, David Sadker, and Susan Klein. "The Issue of Gender in Elementary and Secondary Education." Review of Research in Education 17 (1991): 269. JSTOR. Web. 14 Mar. 2012.
The once male dominated, corporate, "white collar" America has seen a phenomenal influx of women within the last thirty years. Although a female lawyer, physician, or CEO is no longer considered a rarity in our times, women still face quite a deal of oppression in comparison to their male counterparts. In retrospect, some professions have always been controlled by women, and men have not made a noticeable advance in these fields. In 1970, finding a female lawyer to represent you would be a difficult task, since less than five percent of the profession were women. Today, that number has risen to almost thirty percent. The percentage of female doctors has almost tripled in the course of thirty years. African Americans have not made such a conspicuous progression within the last fifty years, while women have made a tremendous impact on the corporate world. One may wonder, how did women make these extraordinary advances? For the most part, it is due to the education they receive. At the present time young girls are encouraged to enroll in classes dealing with math and science, rather than home economics and typing. As pointed out by Nanette Asimov, in her essay "Fewer Teen Girls Enrolling in Technology Classes", school officials are advocating the necessity of advanced placement, and honor classes for teenage girls, in both the arts and sciences. This support and reassurance than carries over onto college, and finds a permanent fixture in a woman’s life. While women are continuing their success in once exclusively male oriented professions, they are still lacking the respect and equality from their peers, coworkers, and society. The average male lawyer, and doctor make twenty-five percent more money than their female equivalent. Women have always lived with the reputation of being intellectually inferior to, and physically submissive to men. This medieval, ignorant notion is far fetched from the truth. In 1999, high school men and women posted similar SAT scores, being separated by a only a few points. In addition to posting similar scores on the SAT, the average males score was a mere two-tenths of a point higher than an average females score on the ACT. Even though a woman maybe as qualified as a male for a certain occupation , women receive unwanted harassment, and are under strict scrutiny. A good illustration of this would be the women represented in "Two Women Cadets Leave the Citadel.
The "Body Image" - "The Body Image" Readings for Writers. 14th ed. of the year. Boston: Monica Eckman, 2013. 310.
“In the United States and several other countries, women now actually surpass men in educational achievements” (Josh, “Harvard Summer School”). Some women are more educated and qualified for most
In the American society, we constantly hear people make sure they say that a chief executive officer, a racecar driver, or an astronaut is female when they are so because that is not deemed as stereotypically standard. Sheryl Sandberg is the, dare I say it, female chief operating officer of Facebook while Mark Zuckerberg is the chief executive officer. Notice that the word “female” sounds much more natural in front of an executive position, but you would typically not add male in front of an executive position because it is just implied. The fact that most of America and the world makes this distinction shows that there are too few women leaders. In Sheryl Sandberg’s book “Lean In,” she explains why that is and what can be done to change that by discussing women, work, and the will to lead.
Wilson, Marie C. Closing the Leadership Gap Why Women Can and Must Help Run the World. New York: Viking Adult, 2004. Print
For women, this topic may be viewed as a confidence boost. Instead of focusing on negatives and the problems that are still apparent in society, it focuses on the achievements and great strides that women have made in the workforce. It will explain success throughout American history, and help motivate the female gender to continue to push forward, innovate and become a force to be recognized as important and necessary in the professional environment.
Trusty, J.; Robinson, C.; Plata, M. (2000). Effects of Gender, Socioeconomic Status, and Early Academic Performance on Postsecondary Educational Choice. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78, 463.
Education has been the hurdle keeping women from gaining equality in society, by separating them from their male counterparts. Women who sought higher education were considered, heathens and the most disgusting beings that would perish. Without education to empower them, women were stripped of their dignity and rights by their husbands and other men of the community. The struggle for women higher education is a battle that still has not reached its citadel.
Today, women are entering the leadership sphere, which is mainly occupied by men. Many women leaders believe that people perform best when they feel good about themselves and their work. An effective leader creates results, reaches goals and deadlines, and quickly recognizes vision and objectives with high level of quality and productivity. To accomplish these, a leader should have special qualities like able to motivate others, specific and technical skill set, clear sense of purpose, mission, clear goals, focus and commitment. Over the years, women have proven themselves to be successful leaders as men. For instance, Oprah Winfrey, one of the most successful and famous African-American women in history to have made a huge impact and difference
The Web. The Web. 16 Feb. 2014. Sax, Linda J. "Women Graduates of Single-Sex and Coeducational High Schools: Differences in Their Characteristics and the Transition to College." National Coalition of Girls Schools, n.d. Web.
Within living memory, young women who have wanted to study engineering faced such dissent that in 1955, Penn State’s dean of engineering declared, “Women are NOT for engineering,” asserting that all but a few “unusual women” lacked the “basic capabilities” necessary to succeed in this profession (Bix par. 2). Although the number of women in social sciences and humanities has grown steadily, women remain underrepresented in science and engineering. Bureau of Labor Statistics states that “women remain underrepresented in engineering constituting only 10 percent of full-time employed engineers and 7.7 percent of engineering managers...” Although this is the case, social norms, culture and attitudes play a significant role in undermining the role of women in the aforementioned fields in addition to the gendered persistence and their individual confidence in their ability to fulfill engineering roles.
The first all female schools began in the early 1800’s. These academies favored more traditional gender roles, women being the home makers and the men being the bread winners. The first generation of educated women was the result of single-sex colleges in 1873. Wendy Kaminer, an investigative journalist, states that “single-sex education was not exactly a choice; it was a cultural mandate at a time when sexual segregation was considered only natural” (1). Women of this time were technically not allowed to attend school with males. Feminists of this time worked hard to integrate the school system and by the early 1900’s, single sex classrooms were a thing of the past. In 1910, twenty-seven percent of colleges were for men only, fifteen percent were for women only and the remainders were coed. Today, women outnumber men among college graduates (Kaminer 1). After all the hard work of early feminists, there are thousands of people today who advocate bringing back the single sex classroom.
Women have had quite a few hurdles to get over since the 1950's. In 1958 the proportion of women attending college in comparison with men was 35 percent. (Friedan,