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Give a short history of fingerprinting
Give a short history of fingerprinting
Essay on forensic ballistics
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1892, Francis Galton undertook the first study of fingerprints. He focused primarily on a developing a methodology for classifying fingerprint patterns. Galton published a book entitled Finger Prints, which contained the first statistical proof supporting the uniqueness of his method of identification. His work describes the basic principles that form the present system of identification of fingerprints Sapp (2006). Even before Galton in 1892, multiple other occurrences were established to enable getting as far as fingerprint patterns being analyzed; such as William Nichol inventing the polarizing light microscope Norah Rudin and Keith Inman (2002). This helped not only Galton with study fingerprints, and the criminal investigation process, …show more content…
His comparison was based on a visible flaw in the bullet which was traced back to a mold Rudin, Inman (2002) A huge part of the criminal investigations that deal with weapons like type of guns is where the study of ammunition ballistics comes into play. According to Sapp (2006) Just as there are many different types of weapons, there exist a plethora of different types of ammunition. Some weapons use one type of ammunition, while other guns are capable of handling several different types. Each of these different types is configured to accomplish a specific task. All in all, it is important to know the purpose of and the correct type of ammunitions used by each of weapon. Ammunition ballistics has been only growing ever since then first study. When studying a bullet, the real results to find which specific gun it comes from is found in the design of the bullet, which can be found in three variants of shapes, the composition of what the bullet is made out of, and the biggest indicator, the barrel of the gun used. As it turns out, the barrel is the most guaranteed method to finding the exact gun being searched for in a study, as every bullet has the same materials, and designs, the barrel will tell you which gun the bullet was fired from by the markings on the shot bullet known as striated
Fig.1 Seventeen .223 Remington cases and the bullet impact sights on the Sherriff’s County Vehicle.
Some errors that could arise from this type of source include biases and limited points of views that lead to misinformation. However, using secondary sources does not detract from Chase’s ability to construct a general theory about firearms development, because a general theory does not require absolute accuracy. Chase also uses many paintings to show military formations in past societies and what weapons they possessed. The conclusions he makes are rational and the inclusion of the paintings provides visually engaging primary sources that further justify Chase’s thesis. Using more primary sources would strengthen the credibility of his descriptions of firearms development in the world, but his construction of a rational theory based on known facts is enough to give this work acceptable credibility.
comparisons. He brought up very interesting ways to regulate guns and make them safer, but they would not be as effective as one might think. Just that now is too late for these gun regulations to function properly. He said that the steps he gave won’t eliminate gun deaths but certainly will decrease the amount of deaths as much as a seat belt does to people on cars (164).
and similar rounds such as .223 and 7.62 x 39mm, as well as soft nosed expanding rifle
Kennedy assassination. The single-bullet theory was introduced by the Warren Commission in its investigation of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy to explain what happened to the bullet that struck Kennedy in the back and exited through his throat. The Warren Commission that investigated the Kennedy assassination established that the reactions of Kennedy and Connally happened too close together for two single shots, even from the same gun, to have been accountable for their injuries. In an interview with Piers Morgan Stone said, the single-shooter theory and the "magic bullet" theory "fall apart, if anybody in their right mind looks at it." "It angers me sometimes, to think of the degree of stupidity about Oswald and the Mannlicher-Carcano (rifle) on the sixth floor making these shots. It's almost as if we don't believe what we see with our own eyes in the Zapruder film," Stone
From the early days, with little literary reference material, to the current day, with substantially more, but still insufficient formation, the science of fingerprint identification has managed to maintain its credibility and usefulness. Although, academic institutions have yet to recognize the field as an applied science and include it in the curricula, which would provide directed research and literary reference, in libraries. Without this academic recognition, progress in the field of fingerprint is destined to be sluggish. Description of fingerprint identification as a forensic science’ or an ~app1ied science’ in no way implies that is not a reliable science. Fingerprint identification, correctly understood and applied, is just as scientifically valid and reliable as any other science and, indeed, more accurate than many. The fingerprint expert applies knowledge gained through training and experience to reach a conclusion. The many uses of fingerprint identification range from criminal investigation to non-criminal matters such as deceased, missing persons and disaster victim identification. Fingerprint identification has been used in the court systems for many years. Yet there are those who that still try to challenge fingerprint science and the experts in the court of law by a Daubert Hearing. In this paper, Daubert Hearing is define and detail outing background of the cases, the Government preparation, the Testimony from both sides, the judge’s verdict and finally, Mitchell’s second trial on this case.
5. Popenker, Max R. "Modern Firearms - MachineGuns." Max R. Popenker, 1999-2010. Web. 10 May 2012. .
Assault weapons have been labeled as the number one source for mass killings in America. The idea that a weapon can fire a large amount of bullets at a remarkable speed can be used for recreational use was thought of otherwise. This type of weaponry was made for one reason and that is to eliminate as many people as possible and accomplish it in a reasonably fast time. The problem is everywhere and to help control the issue the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence is the nation’s largest organization dedicated to enacting and enforcing gun...
Trace evidence was first discovered by Edmond Locard. Edmond Locard was born in 1877, and founded the Institute of Lyon’s Institute of Criminalistics. He is also known for advancing the science of fingerprints. In 1910 he was authorized to start a small forensic laboratory in the Palais de Justice which he directed until 1951.While there he worked on criminal identification methods including poroscopy- the microscopic examination of fingerprints; analyses of body fluids, hair and skin; and graphometry or handwriting analysis. He is the man responsible for coming up with the theory that when two objects come in contact with each other they leave some kind of material matter behind. This theory was later called Locard’s Exchange Principle. The idea is that the evidence can be used to associate objects, individuals or locations with one another." A person typically loses about 100 hairs a day. These hairs may be of evidentiary value to show contact between two people. With an adequate hair standard, a trace chemist will be able to microscopically compare a...
The three different main types of fingerprints are Loops, Arches, and Whorls (Jackson 1). Henry Faulds is known as the Father of Fingerprints and developing fingerprints (Jackson 1). His discovery of fingerprints has made a huge impact not only in his time but, in Modern Crime Scene Investigation (Jackson 1). Without fingerprinting, it would be very difficult to convict criminals of crimes and very hard to try to process information. Crime Scene Investigators make a huge impact in Forensic Science. We need CSI workers, without them people could only imagine what crime would be like not only in our community, but in our
All guns have their own benefits and disadvantages. Some guns are more powerful than others, some have a bigger capacity, some have a longer range and others are simply more accurate. There are several factors that make up a more accurate gun.
DNA profiling has been one of the biggest advances in technology and science in the 20th century due to its efficiency in the identification of individuals. It is commonly used by forensics scientist for identification of suspects or individuals in crime scenes. DNA profiling as it is today, was developed by two independent studies in molecular biology that occur during the same period of time, in two different places, and by two different scientists. In 1985, Alec Jeffreys developed a technique called DNA fingerprinting, which has been known as DNA profiling. And Kary Mullis invented the polymerase chain reaction which is a biochemical technology in molecular biology used to amplify one single sample of DNA across many orders of magnitude generating millions of copies of an specific DNA sample.
When a suspect’s weapon is examined in the lab, it will be test fired into a box filled with cotton or a tank of water to provide the examiner with the bullets and cartridges with a known history. Using a microscope, the known cartridges are compared with the ones in question. With some patience, skill, and a little luck, experts can definitively say that a certain firearm and no other fired this bullet, or ejected this cartridge.
Fingerprint usage dates back to the 1800s. Sir William Herschel used the prints as signatures on civil contracts, before they were found useful towards crimes (History of Fingerprints Timeline, 2012). A British surgeon, Dr. Henry Faulds, wrote about using fingerprints for personal identification. He first looked at prints on clay pottery and studied the ridges and patterns that they had made in the clay. In 1891, Juan Vucetich suggested to start fingerprinting criminals to keep the prints on record. The following year, Vucetich identified a print from a woman who killed her two sons. Investigators found her print and were able to correctly match her identity. Charles Darwin’s cousin, Sir Francis Galton, wrote and published the first book about fingerprints. He wrote about how every individual has a unique print by the certain traits of each fingerprint (History of Fingerprints, 2012). The popularity of fingerprints grew greatly in the United States in the early 1900s. Police departments and the FBI began to use the...
Mishara, Brian L. "Firearms." Macmillan Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Ed. Robert Kastenbaum. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. 288-289. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 May 2014.