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White collar crime and rational choice theory
Theories on white-collar crime
Theories on white-collar crime
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When dealing with social characteristics and demographics we find that there are several stereotypes we must overcome to truly understand individuals who participate in anti-social behaviors and acts. Sutherland described the white-collar offender as a person of respectability and high social status who commits an offense during the course of his or her occupation. (Benson et al., 2015,22) Is this a true reflection of the white-collar criminal? Is this a stereotypical view that as a citizen is reflective of the true white-collar criminal or one that a social media or theory tells us what we should be looking for within enterprises. If this is the view, then what is our view of the common street criminal within our stereotypical views? The …show more content…
The common criminal is believed to be from a lower economic level facing poverty issues from childhood through adult levels. In regard to, the white-collar criminal these individuals are understood to be from a better economic status, thus being middle to upper class families not dealing with the same issues as the common criminals. The family structure is also a key difference between the two groups within the common criminal structure, important items are higher likelihood of childhood abuse and neglect within the home and social surroundings as well as cyclical family involvement within the criminal justice system. Both of these items send messages to these individuals not only of what is acceptable forms of behaviors as well as support structures and ideation of social norms. Consequently, when dealing with white-collar criminals we have the ideation that they are exempt from these issues within the family structures. However, we do find according to research that most white-collar criminals are not as highly educated as Sutherland would have expected to find. According to …show more content…
According to Benson et. al, the higher the complexity of the crime the higher levels of education are demonstrated for example antitrust crimes and securities fraud both have level over 40% of college education. (Benson et.al, 2015, 36) Thus, looking at these antisocial individuals and how they compare in other aspects of psychology, motivation of antisocial acts, and age of criminal involvement. White-collar criminals have psychological characteristics that are described as being morally flexible, ambitious, shrewd according to Edward Gross. However, Ezra Stotland discusses that theses white-collar criminals also states that they are arrogant and like a challenge. They also like to assert their egos to prove superior in situations. Accordingly, the core characteristics are good intelligence, unreliability, untruthfulness, lack of remorse, lack of empathy for others and impulsivity. The factor of motivation cannot be an understated point for white-collar criminals whether they have a financial problem they can’t share
1. Reiman explains that the idea that white collar crime is taken less seriously is because it protects the elite classes. For example, if the public believes they should fear the poor more than the rich, the rich can commit more crimes and go unnoticed because the population is focused on the poor Reiman explains that that the way crime is explained does not exactly fit what we think crime is. He explains that the notion that white-collar crime being harmless is based on the idea that white collar crimes do not end in injury or death is false because more people’s lives are put at risk than “lower class” crimes. Reinman thinks it is necessary to re- educate the public on white-collar crimes for economic
This documentary Lockdown: Gang vs. Family by Gail Mitchell (2007) was a good way to prove the sociological theories that were mentioned in this paper. After reading more about the theories, I applied them to my life and my peer’s lives and it could be a proven fact for everyone and not just criminals. It is just more applicable
Tremblay, P., & Morselli, C. (2000). PATTERNS IN CRIMINAL ACHIEVEMENT: WILSON AND ABRAHAMSE REVISITED. Criminology, 38(2), 633-659.
White-collar crime is the financially motivated illegal acts that are committed by the middle and upper class through their legitimate business or government activities. This form of crime was first coined by Edwin Sutherland in 1939 as “a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.” (Linden, 2016). Crime has often been associated with the lower class due to economic reasons. However, Sutherland stressed that the Criminal Justice System needed to acknowledge illegal business activity as crime due to the repercussions they caused and the damage they can cause to society (Linden, 2016). Crime was prevalently thought to only be
Almost everyone experiences a criminal career (Moffitt, 43). The onset begins during adolescence and involves a series of petty crimes. The amount of crimes committed during the criminal career at any given time is the rate at which the offender offends. What differentiates the “career criminal” from the person who had a “criminal career” is this; Whereas the latter by-and-large discontinues their crimes by the time they are in their mid-20s, those who are career criminals will persist with their offending at a high rate during their life course (Moffitt, 41). One theory put forth argues that the reason that people continue to commit crimes is that they have “neuropsychological defects” (Moffitt, 37). However, the life course and activities of Charles “Lucky” Luciano would suggest otherwise.
white-collar crime” (Shapiro, S. P.). It is no surprise to anyone that positions of trust regularly decentralize to corporations, occupations, and “white-collar” individuals. Nevertheless, the concept of “white-collar crime” involves a false relationship between role-specific norms and the characteristics of those who typically occupy these roles. Most of the time, it is the offender that is looked at more than the crime itself and assumptions about the individuals automatically come into play. It has be to acknowledged that “ class or organizational position are consequential and play a more complex role in creating opportunities for wrongdoing and in shaping and frustrating the social control process than traditional stereotypes have allowed” (Shapiro, S. P.). The opportunities to partake in white-collar crime and violate the trust in which ones position carries are more dependent upon the individuals place in society, not just the work place. The ways in which white-collar criminals establish and exploit trust are an important factor in truly exploring and defining the concept of white-collar crime.
White collar crimes do not garner as much media attention as that of violent crimes (Trahan, Marquart, & Mullings 2005). This is an odd fact because white collar crimes cost society much more than violent crimes do (Messner & Rosenfeld 2007). While there are many different definitions for white collar crime, Schoepfer and Piquero describe it as a nonphysical crime that is used to either obtain goods or to prevent goods from being taken (2006). People who commit these crimes are looking for personal or some sort of organizational gain and are being pressured to be economically successful from the idea of the American dream. The authors suggest that there are two types of people who commit crimes, those who have an immense desire for control and those who fear losing all they have worked hard for (Schopfer & Piquero 2006). Both groups have different reasons for turning to crime, but both groups commit the crime to benefit themselves. It was found that higher levels of high school drop outs were directly correlated to levels of embezzlement in white collar crime (2006). Because they are drop outs, they are less likely to be successful legitimately and turn to crime more often than their graduate
Many crimes can be categorized into two categories, White-collar and Blue-collar crimes. Is there really a big difference between these two categories, are they race, gender or social class specific? White-collar and blue-collar crimes both break the law but some are perceived more vicious than others but are punished with less time in jail. Some think that this has to do with who the majority of the people commit the crimes, where they live and how much money they have or make. White-collar crimes are perceivably committed by upper-class and blue-collar crimes are committed by middle to lower-class citizens. I will explore the similarities and differences of these crime categories and try to answer
It is a fact that criminals have a smaller brains than law abiding citizens. Often, offenders share particular physical traits such as, being young males, muscular, having lower than average IQ, and a impulsive personality. Serial offenders are usually hyperactive and difficult children If a person has a low IQ, it is proven to be directly related to their tendency to be commit impulse actions that provide an immediate payoff. For instance, a rape or a mugging would provide a criminal with an immediate payoff. It is proven that crime often runs in families. In fact, chronic criminals are proven to be three times more likely to have criminal children. However, despite this information, scientists have no basis to come to any conclusions with this data. Therefore, one must consider other possible factors that may create a criminal mind, to come to a reasonable decision as to how one is developed.
In this paper the exciting criminal phenomenon known as white-collar crime will be discussed. Corporate Crime and Computer Crime will be discussed in detail. Crime preventative agencies such as the NCPC (National Crime Prevention Council) will also be researched. White Collar Crime The late Professor Edwin Sutherland coined the term white-collar crime about 1941. Sutherland defined white-collar crime as "a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation" (Siegel 337) White-collar crime includes, by way of example, such acts as promulgating false or misleading advertising, illegal exploitation of employees, mislabeling of goods, violation of weights and measures statutes, conspiring to fix prices, evading corporate taxes, computer crimes, and so on. White-collar crime is most distinctively defined in terms of attitudes toward those who commit it. These crimes are punishable by law; however it is generally regarded by the courts and by sections of the general public as much less reprehensible than crimes usually punished by the courts. The other types of crime are blue-collar offenses, which are predominately crimes of the under-privileged. White-collar crimes are punished far less harshly than blue-collar crimes, which shows societies attitudes towards the two sections of society. White-collar crime is attractive to criminals because it brings material rewards with little or no loss of status. (Taft & England 201) For some, white-collar crime is not viewed as a "crime" at all, because of its non-violent nature. Violent crime has an immediate and observable impact on its victim which raises the ire of the public, whereas white-collar crime frequently goes undetected or is viewed as a bending of the rules. Yet white-collar crime can create the greater havoc. The victim of an assault will recover; however, the impact of a fraud can last a lifetime. This is especially true when the elderly are victimized, as they have little or no hope of re-establishing themselves in financial terms. Contrary to the popular belief, white-collar criminals are thieves and the methods used to conceal their offenses are both artful and ingenious. Concealment of the crime is always an objective of the offender, and it becomes an element of the crime itself. Because it is an artful form of deceit, which is skillfully disguised, the ...
It is proven that white-collar crime committers do receive less of a punishment than street crime committers because of the fact that white-collar crime is not a violent crime, even if other think it is, and the nature of their social and economic status (Benson, 2010, p. 86). Examples from 2001 that have received fines and ended up in prison for about ten years involved Enron an American energy service, WorldCom a telecommunication corporation, and the accounting firm of Arthur Andersen (Batten, 2010, p. 387). Each of the “corporate officers were convicted of fraud and given prison terms” according to Batten, 2010. On the same note, taxpayers owed over three trillion dollars in tax revenue just to makeup for the fraud these businesses
...occurrence of white-collar crimes in organizations. In this view, to combat white-collar crimes, the criminal justice system needs to devise interventions that target organizational structure, organizational culture, and personality traits in the prevention of white-collar crimes.
This weeks assigned readings and videos on the subject of white-collar crime emphasizes the issues that for the most part most victims of white-collar crime are naturally unaware that they are being taken advantage of thus enabling their potential victimization of said crimes. Not all crimes are comparatively equal in their impact upon society nothing could be truer than white-collar crimes since these crimes have the potential for long lasting effects even after their commission. This essay will attempt to explore this idea and show some of these examples of victimization and secondary costs.
Understanding Psychology and Crime; Perspectives on Theory and Action, New York. PENNINGTON, D ( 2002) , Introducing Psychology: Approaches, Topics and Methods, London, Hodder Arnold TANNENBAUN, B, (2007),Profs link criminal behaviour to genetics [online] , Available at: http://thedp.com/index.php/article/2007/11/profs_link_criminal_behavior_to_genetics [accessed 16th October 2011]. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/41182390/Explanations-of-Criminal-behaviour
I now know that criminology prefer to highlight the correlations between crimes’ social climates and criminals’ psychological states of mind. While some argues that criminal behavior is a result of individuals’ association with criminal peers, other claims that crime is a reflection of an individual’s genetic disadvantages. I have come to learn that there are no universally agreed formulas on decoding crimes and criminal behaviors. What we have, however, is a manual full of academic opinions and subjective views that have emerged alongside of the development of criminology. At the same time, the volume of conflicting perspectives that I have stumble upon in studying criminology reminded me again that the success of our current assessment models has yet to be determined. Thus, the study of criminology is an appropriate practice that will further prepare me to conduct meaningful research on legal studies and to provide accurate and in-depth findings in the near