REVIEW OF LITERATURE
WHEY:-
Whey, a by-product of the dairy industry, is a fluid obtained by sorting out the coagulum from whole milk, cream or skim milk (Marwaha et al., 1988). For year, whey was thought to be insignificant and was either used as an animal feed or it was disposed of as waste (Tsakali, E. et al.2010). Depending upon the variety of the cheese produced (e.g. hard or semi-hard), the average yield is 1kg from 10L of milk, where the balance (9L) is whey. Hence, it is apparent that daily production of whey can amount up to several millions of litres in large cheese plants. The world whey production is over 160 million tons per year (estimated as 9-fold of the cheese production), showing a 1–2% annual growth rate (Guimaraes et al., 2010). Today, the annual global increase of whey production is equivalent to 2%, which
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Fig 1. Possibilities of whey utilization (Bozanic et al., 2014)
Whey was utilized industrially as a Medium Supplement for biphasic growth and bacteriocin production by probiotic Lactobacillus casei LA-1(Kumar et al., 2012).
Bioethanol production from whey: Among the several microorganisms (e.g. Kluyveromyces lactis or K. marxianus, Candida pseudotropicalis) Kluyveromyces fragilis is the yeast of choice for most commercial plant producing ethanol from whey due to its capability of lactose utilization. However, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most popular yeast used for ethanol production due to its high ethanol yield and also tolerance to high ethanol concentration. In recent years, the ethanol produced is mostly used as fuels (92%), industrial solvents and chemicals (4%), and beverages (4%) (Logsdon, 2006). Cheese whey has been used by many investigators for production of ethanol because of its high carbohydrate content and availability ( ). In batch fermentation K. fragilis utilises more than 95% of the lactose of unconcentrated whey with a conversion efficiency of 80–85% of the theoretical value (Mawson, 1994).
While the tube for specimen Cb turned a tannish white in the lower half of the tube while the top stayed the lavender inoculated tube color. Do to this evidence I determined that both specimens Ca and Cb cannot use the process Casein hydrolysis or Casein coagulation due to lack of soft or firm curds in both tubes. Since there was no casein curds formed, I concluded that specimens Ca and Cb also cannot perform the process of proteolysis. My conclusion is supported by the fact that there was no clearing of the medium. I have also determine that neither of my organisms can make the enzymes rennin, proteolytic or even proteases. I know my specimens cannot produce proteases due to the fact that there was no blue coloring in the tubes which means that the byproduct Ammonia was not produced to increase the pH. Since neither of my specimens can make these enzymes, I concluded that my specimens cannot break down lactose or casein. Although I did learn that specimen Cb can reduce litmus due to the evidence that the lower part of the tube turned a tannish white color with a purple ring at the top. This color change from a purple to a white means that the litmus was reduced turning it clear and leaving the white of the milk to show. Finally I know that specimen Ca cannot reduce litmus due to the fact that the tube had no change in
...at keep organisms alive. “Proteins are the most structurally sophisticated molecules known” (Campbell, 1999) which is reason enough to study them. The techniques we learned in this lab form a basis from which a detailed study of proteins is possible. Following our procedure we were successfully able to set up a quantifying assay to determine the amount of protein within a milk sample, although our yield percentage was rather low. However, errors in this lab (in the form of a low yield percentage) may have an origin from our last lab. In the process of extracting proteins from the milk sample, we may have inadvertently lost some of the protein through erroneous measurements, or perhaps through poor handling of either ammonium sulfate or the dialysis tubing. While not sufficient enough (at this point) to invalidate our results, they do explain the major difference between the expected and the actual amount of protein extracted.
The purpose of this investigation is to test the effects of multiple sugar substances on the respiration of yeast. Most people think of yeast when they think of what makes bread rise, cheese, alcoholic beverages, or other food products. Another type of yeast can also cause yeast infections, an infection of the skin. Yeasts (Saccharomyces) are tiny, microscopic organisms with a thin membrane and are usually oval or circular-shaped. They are a type of single-celled fungi of the class Ascomycetes, capable of processing sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) ; this process is known as fermentation. Fermentation and the products are the main focus points for this experiment being that cellular respiration of yeasts happens via the process of fermentation, which creates by-products of alcohol and CO2. The level of CO2 produced by the yeasts will show how effective each sugar substance is in providing cellular energy for the yeasts.
Milk is the first food of mammals, providing all the necessary nutrients for survival and initial growth until weaning (Velten 10). It is only a small percentage of the world’s population that actually drinks milk. Most people prefer processed dairy products, such as butter, cheese and yogurt. Cow’s milk is probably the most controversial of foods. Its qualities and associated
Although the milk itself does not have a very long life, other foods and some dairy products can be made using it. Cheese would be the main example of this, which can be produced simply by the curdling of milk. Rennin, found in the substance rennet, is a milk-coagulating enzyme capable of assisting in the production of cheese. Therefore the temperatures at which the milk and rennet coagulate best at in this experiment, are
Holsteins are the most common dairy breed throughout the world. They have been genetically improved to produce a higher yield to become more profitable for the dairy industry. The first Holstein originated in Europe approximately 2000 years ago (1). They emerged from the Netherlands in the provinces of Northern Holland and Friesland. Interbreeding of the black Batavian cattle and the white Friesian cattle created a black and white cow that could make use of the rich pasture lands of the Rhine region. Such interbreeding allowed the ability of the Batavian cattle’s digestive system and the Friesian cattle’s body and udder size to produce an efficient and high producing dairy cow (1).
Unpasteurized milk or dairy product is also a factor to a body's health because unpasteurized dairy can be vehicles for the spread of pathogenic microorganisms (Cancer Prevention Coalition). Also IGF-1 is not destroyed in the pasteurization process; the pasteurization process actually increases IGF-1levels in milk. IGF-1can also be absorbed into the bloodstream and effect other hormones (Cancer Prevention Coalition). Pasteurization also cuts in half the value of calcium milk could potentially have. The nutritional quality of milk and cheese is altered in the pasteurization process and fat is increa...
Each cream is made up of a different amount of fat content, Heavy Whipping Cream is 38% fat content, Heavy Cream is 36% fat content, Whipping Cream is 30% fat content, Light Cream is 10% fat content, Half and Half is 10% cream. These percentages show a large similarity to the experiments findings, showing that the creams with the larger percentage of fat also end up with a larger mass of curds.
By taking a Carbon Dioxide, rich substance and mixing it with a yeast, solution fermentation will occur, and then it could be determined if it is a good energy-producer. In this study glacatose, sucrose, glycine, glucose, and water were used to indicate how fast fermentation occurred. The overall result shows that monosaccharides in particular galactose and glucose were the best energy source for a cell.
Many types of microorganism that is used for the making of cheese. These microorganism are used to acidify the milk. The acidifying milk is a very good condition for the curd and whey to be easily separated. At this condition, the growth of any bacteria in the cheese can be
The transnational corporation Nestle Company founded in 1886 based in Vevey, Switzerland, sells its products in 189 countries and has manufacturing plants in 89 countries around the world, boasting an unmatched geographic presence. The company started off as an alternative to breastmilk and initially looked into other countries for an increase in global opportunities. It founded its first out of country offices in London in 1868, and due to the small size and inability of Switzerland to compensate growth manufacturing plants were built in both Britain and the United states in the late nineteenth century. A large portion of Nestlé’s globalization came in the 1900s which was when it first moved into the chocolate business after
Butter is one of the diary products, that is a energy-yielding food products which are produced from the milk of mammals such as sheep, goats, buffalos and yaks. Twenty litres of whole milk is required in the production of one kilogram of butter. It is produced from the cream of milk with a fat content of about 80%. Chemically butter consists of butterfat, milk proteins, water and vitamins A, D and E. Colour of butter is generally pale yellow but it range from deep yellow to light white. It has a pH ranging from slightly acidic to neutral making it compatible with other food products (Bethany Moncel). Butter is a source of different macronutrients required in body for the proper and normal functioning of metabolic activities occurring in human body.
While whey protein is a fairly new invention, the source that is derived from called which is called whey has been around
The process of alcoholic fermentation begins with the use of enzymes. The enzymes begin to break down the long chains in starch molecules, a polysaccharide that consists of a large quantity of glucose molecules (C6H12O6) joined by glycosidic bonds as seen in figure 1, into single glucose molecules, a monosaccharide with six carbons and five hydroxyl groups. After the starch has become sugar, the enzymes are used once again, this time to convert the sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, CO2, as seen in figure 2 (World of Scientific Discovery, 2007). The carbon dioxide produced is released into the atmosphere, leaving water and ethanol, the alcohol, behind. Ethanol is a colorless flammable liquid with a molecular formula of C2H6O, giving it a molar mass of 46.07 grams per mole. Ethanol is also characterized by a melting point of -114°C or 159 K.
Food manufacturers use chemical in food processing because of huge economical profit. It is always cheaper to make low quality food rather than healthy food. Food manufacturers’ objectives are to find cheap methods to gain higher profit. The application of techniques such as pasteurization, fermenting and pickling are often use in food companies to prevent food from spoiling ahead of time. Their intention is to stock the food for a long period of time without worrying about early deterioration that can lead to major financial loss. Food companies use antibiotics in chicken, and steroids in cow to stimulate their growth. In an experiment, it was shown that injection of growth hormone in cow improves and stimulates milk production (Baldwin, 1995). Companies’...