Biology: Separation of Proteins
Lab Report 1: Separation of Proteins
Abstract/Summary: “Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry weight of most cells, and they are instrumental in almost everything organisms do” (Campbell, 1999). The significance of proteins to the continuation of our biological systems is undeniable, and a study of how to quantify proteins seems an appropriate introduction to our studies of biology. In order to study proteins we must first know how to separate then quantify the amount using basic principles of experimental design such as a standard curve. In this experiment we wish to quantify the amount of previously extracted protein by measuring the absorbance of the unknown amount and determining its concentration by overlaying it against a standard curve of the absorbance of known concentrations of the protein. We used the dye agent Bradford Protein Assay to get an absorbance of 0.078, 0.143, 0.393, 0.473, and 0.527 at the protein’s respective concentrations of 0.28, 0.56, 0.84, 1.12, and 1.40 mg/mL. When a best-fit line was applied to the standard curve, and the absorbance of our unknown concentration (0.317 A) plotted, we estimated a concentration of around 0.84 mg/mL of protein. Our calculations indicated a quantity of 168 mg of protein, which was an approximately 8.96% yield of the projected 1875 mg that was expected. Errors that may have led to this small yield percentage may have stemmed from our previous lab and our initial attempts to extract the desired amount of protein.
Introduction: Within this experiment we wish to facilitate a greater understanding of the concepts of experimental design and quantifying techniques. Specifically, this lab will allow us to gain an enhanced understanding of the isolation of a protein using differential solubility, which allows us to separate and purify various proteins using high concentrations of a specific salt so that they may be studied in great detail. Last week we separated our desired protein using ammonium sulfate. Since we have already extracted the desired protein, we will begin quantifying the amount using the Bradford Protein Assay. Because it is a dye-binding assay, we will use the spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance of various dilutions of a protein: this will comprise our standard curve. We will then compare the absorbance of our extracted protein from l...
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...at keep organisms alive. “Proteins are the most structurally sophisticated molecules known” (Campbell, 1999) which is reason enough to study them. The techniques we learned in this lab form a basis from which a detailed study of proteins is possible. Following our procedure we were successfully able to set up a quantifying assay to determine the amount of protein within a milk sample, although our yield percentage was rather low. However, errors in this lab (in the form of a low yield percentage) may have an origin from our last lab. In the process of extracting proteins from the milk sample, we may have inadvertently lost some of the protein through erroneous measurements, or perhaps through poor handling of either ammonium sulfate or the dialysis tubing. While not sufficient enough (at this point) to invalidate our results, they do explain the major difference between the expected and the actual amount of protein extracted.
References:
Laboratory Manual: Biological Sciences 112, University of California Department of Biological Sciences, Fall 2001.
Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B., & Mitchell, L. G. Biology: Fifth Edition. Addison Wesley
Longman, Inc. Menlo Park, 1999.
Data from Table 1. confirms the theory that as the concentration of glucose increases so will the absorbance of the solution when examined with the glucose oxidase/horseradish peroxidase assay. Glucose within the context of this assay is determined by the amount of ferricyanide, determined by absornace, which is produced in a one to one ratio.1 Furthermore when examining the glucose standards, a linear calibration curve was able to be produced (shown as Figure 1). Noted the R2 value of the y = 1.808x - 0.0125 trend line is 0.9958, which is statistically considered linear. From this calibration curve the absorbance values of unknowns samples can be compared, and the correlated glucose concentration can then be approximated.
Those of you who have just read A Doll's House for the first time will, I suspect, have little trouble forming an initial sense of what it is about, and, if past experience is any guide, many of you will quickly reach a consensus that the major thrust of this play has something to do with gender relations in modern society and offers us, in the actions of the heroine, a vision of the need for a new-found freedom for women (or a woman) amid a suffocating society governed wholly by unsympathetic and insensitive men.
English A1 Oral Presentation Transcript Portrayal of Sexism in Henrik Ibsen’s ‘The Doll’s House’ Ibsen was a pioneer of the realistic social drama. Unlike playwrights who came before him, he was very concerned with portraying realistic social settings and illustrating a conflict resulting from social pressures and mores. Ibsen also endeavors to show the blatant sexism rampant in the country at the time. This is shown In part by the unequal nature of Torvald and Nora’s marriage.
Ibsen reveals many things about the bourgeoisie roles of men and women of society through the play A Doll’s House. These ideals are crucial to ones overall social status. The reader can see the characters and their roles in a figurative and literal dollhouse from the title to the end of the story. The main character Nora is the focus of performing these gender roles as she takes on the role of a doll and eventually seeks self-realization and a striving purpose. She leaves behind her family to fulfill an independent journey. Ibsen helps to point out the flaws of society’s stereotypical gender roles and gives new possibilities to men and women.
Thus, this study will put an efforts by producing plant-derived protein to decrease the global demands for FBS and to decrease the number of bovine fetuses required for the production of FBS. It is crucial to conduct a study that is not only able to produce protein hydrolysates from tempeh, but also to increase the growth performance of cells when tempeh hydrolysates is tested on cell culture. It is significant since the tempeh hydrolysates can be a good substitute for animal-derived serum such as fetal bovine serum because it is more ethical, cost-effective and environmental friendliness. In this experiment, tempeh will undergo solvent extraction to produce Then, the protein isolate will be enzymatically hydrolyse to produce peptides. Lastly, tempeh hydrolysate will be tested on human skin fibroblast cell culture and the growth
In Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, Nora Helmer is a traditional “angel in the house” she is a human being, but first and foremost a wife and a mother who is devoted to the care of her children, and the happiness of her husband. The play is influenced by the Victorian time period when the division of men and women was evident, and each gender had their own role to conform to. Ibsen’s views on these entrenched values is what lead to the A Doll’s House becoming so controversial as the main overarching theme of A Doll’s House is the fight for independence in an otherwise patriarchal society. This theme draws attention to how women are capable in their own rights, yet do not govern their own lives due to the lack of legal entitlement and independence. Although Ibsen’s play can be thought to focus on the theme of materialism vs. people, many critics argue that Ibsen challenges the traditional gender roles through his portrayal of Nora and Torvald. Throughout the play Nora faces an internal struggle for self-discovery, which Ibsen creates to show that women are not merely objects, but intelligent beings who form independent thoughts.
The enforcement of specific gender roles by societal standards in 19th century married life proved to be suffocating. Women were objects to perform those duties for which their gender was thought to have been created: to remain complacent, readily accept any chore and complete it “gracefully” (Ibsen 213). Contrarily, men were the absolute monarchs over their respective homes and all that dwelled within. In Henrik Ibsen’s play, A Doll’s House, Nora is subjected to moral degradation through her familial role, the consistent patronization of her husband and her own assumed subordinance. Ibsen belittles the role of the housewife through means of stage direction, diminutive pet names and through Nora’s interaction with her morally ultimate husband, Torvald. Nora parades the façade of being naïve and frivolous, deteriorating her character from being a seemingly ignorant child-wife to a desperate woman in order to preserve her illusion of the security of home and ironically her own sanity. A Doll’s House ‘s depiction of the entrapment of the average 19th century housewife and the societal pressures placed upon her displays a woman’s gradual descent into madness. Ibsen illustrates this descent through Torvald’s progressive infantilization of Nora and the pressure on Nora to adhere to societal norms. Nora is a woman pressured by 19th century societal standards and their oppressive nature result in the gradual degradation of her character that destroys all semblances of family and identity.Nora’s role in her family is initially portrayed as being background, often “laughing quietly and happily to herself” (Ibsen 148) because of her isolation in not only space, but also person. Ibsen’s character rarely ventures from the main set of the drawi...
“A Doll’s House” gives the reader a firsthand view at how gender roles affected the characters actions and interactions throughout the play. The play helps to portray the different struggles women faced during the 19th century with gender roles, and how the roles affected their relationships with men as well as society. It also helps to show the luxury of being a male during this time and how their higher status socially over women affected their relationships with woman and others during this time period.
= Before conducting the experiment I would conduct a simple test for the protein by placing a sample of the albumen into a test tube and add biurett reagent. This contains copper (II) sulphate and sodium hydroxide.
In Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House, a drama written in the midst of an 1879, middle-class, suburban Europe, he boldly depicts a female protagonist. In a culture with concern for fulfilling, or more so portraying a socially acceptable image, Nora faces the restraints of being a doll in her own house and a little helpless bird. She has been said to be the most complex character of drama, and rightfully so, the pressure of strict Victorian values is the spark that ignites the play's central conflicts. Controversy is soon to arise when any social-norm is challenged, which Nora will eventually do. She evolves throughout the play, from submissive housewife to liberated woman. It seems as though what took women in America almost a century to accomplish, Nora does in a three-day drama. Ibsen challenges the stereotypical roles of men and women in a societally-pleasing marriage. He leads his readers through the journey of a woman with emerging strength and self-respect. Nora plays the typical housewife, but reveals many more dimensions that a typical woman would never portray in such a setting.
Those of you who have just read A Doll's House for the first time will, I suspect, have little trouble forming an initial sense of what it is about, and, if past experience is any guide, many of you will quickly reach a consensus that the major thrust of this play has something to do with gender relations in modern society and offers us, in the actions of the heroine, a vision of the need for a new-found freedom for women (or a woman) amid a suffocating society governed wholly by unsympathetic and insensitive men.
One’s views to the solution of a problem is played by the role of perception. My perception to almost every problem is for me to solve the problem the safest. I view the problem as something that is going to take time not matter what, and if I am going to take time to address the problem, I might as well take the time to solve it safely. When I am driving and I am in a long left turn line, I simply choose to wait until it is my turn in order to be safe and keep everyone who is in the car with me safe, as well. My brothers perception on most situations is speed. When in the long left turn line, he suggests to get back into traffic, and turn around on a side street in order to turn right. He views this as a quicker solution to the problem. When my brother is in a hurry, safety is no longer a priority to him.
As “A Doll’s House” is a realistic drama each of Ibsen’s character encapsulate a role in his society. Nora as the main protagonist is branded by others as “an extravagant little thing”, and represents what was typical of a housewife. The social construct of a mother’s role restricts her behaviour and actions as a woman and individual. Not only is Nora the subservient woman but her relationship with her husband, Torvald, is reminiscent to that of a father and his “little girl”, reflecting the idea that ownership of a woman is acquired by her husband from her father.
For various reasons, the role of women in society has been analyzed and frequently debated throughout history. Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is no exception to the rule. In Norway, and during the Victorian period in history, women’s responsibilities were simply to keep house or do small jobs on the side such as sewing or light secretarial work. Henrik Ibsen may have had several intentions when writing his play A Doll’s House, but the one that stands out so clearly is the role of women in the time period from which the play takes place and just how doll-like they were treated in Victorian society. Women during this period were by no means the decision-makers of their households. Husbands or fathers were the heads of the household and many times women didn’t even know what state their financial affairs were in. It was often times only when something drastic happened that a woman would become aware of these things. For instance, if a husband should fall sick or even pass away and there were no male relatives to help take care of things, often times the woman would have to step up and distinguish what needed to be done in order to take care of things. We see a variation of this situation in Ibsen’s play. We meet a woman, Nora, and her husband Torvald and in it we witness the deterioration of their life together through Nora’s eyes. Throughout this analysis of A Doll’s House, I will address several things concerning Ibsen’s play. I will give a synopsis of the play, an analysis of three major characters: a.) Nora, b.) Torvald, and c.) Krogstad. I will discuss the language of the play and themes. I will give an in-depth look at the playwright himself as well as information on his creation of the play. I will give an idea of ...
Both plays at first give the audience the impression that Nora and Maria both conform to Victorian society’s ingrained gender stereotypes. In Ibsen’s ‘A Doll’s House’, Nora appears to be conforming to gender stereotypes in the beginning of the play. On the contrary, in ‘The Murder in the Red Barn’, Maria is portrayed as a submissive woman who conforms to the Victorian society’s gender roles throughout the melodrama. In the beginning of ‘A Doll’s House’ Nora is portrayed as the ‘childish’ wife who is unable to manage her finances. This is shown by when she asks Helmer if they ‘can be a little extravagant’ and her immaturity is demonstrated by her suggestion to ‘wrap up the notes in pretty gold paper’. Similarly, Maria herself is shown to be childlike as she ‘skips’ towards Marten. The fact that Maria ‘skips’ shows her childlike in nature and carefree which also suggests that she’s quite innocent. There is also a comparison in the way that in the melodrama, Maria is very feminine in the sense that she plays ‘hard to get’ and this is demonstrated by her actions when she ‘trips away’ with her ‘nose in the air' when Corder asks her to dance with him whilst Nora in ‘A Doll’s House’ is flirtatious with Helmer and this is reflected throu...