Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Consequentialism moral theory
Consequentialist and non consequentialist ethical theories
Consequentialism moral theory
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Consequentialism moral theory
Differences between deductive and inductive arguments
Arguments can either be deductive or inductive depending on the sort of relation the author of the argument decides to take to be between the premise and the conclusion. To avoid the confusion of the two arguments, one needs to understand the differences between them. Below are some of the absolute differences between deductive and inductive arguments.
Firstly, a deductive is a kind of an argument that is expected to be entirely valid. The arguer assumes it to provide a full guarantee of the truth concerning the conclusion is given that the argument’s assumptions are accurate (Hitchcock, 2012). This implies that, in the argument, the premises are supposed to provide strong support for the
…show more content…
The events interfere with the abstract, as well as the general principle to explain those events (Heit & Rotello, 2010). For example, the first dog is brown. The second dog is brown. The third dog is brown. So, all dogs are brown. The above example illustrates that an inductive argument base on more than one observation of the supportive evidence.
Differences between a premise and a conclusion
Various statements become either assumptions or conclusions when they relate to each other as proof or action supported. Therefore, not all groups of statements make a cogent argument since not every group contains conclusions as well as premises. A statement can only become an assumption in cases where it shows support to another statement. A proposition refers to a statement in a given argument that provides support for the conclusion.
On the other hand, a statement becomes an end only if there is an earlier statement offered to help it. Therefore, a conclusion refers to a statement in an absolute argument indicating what the arguer is trying to prove correct. Below distinctions are of great help in identification of the error in the logic that let several assertions become disconnected from the
…show more content…
It implies that, in a situation where your audience decides to reject one of your premises, there is a great chance of rejecting your conclusion (Prakken, 2010). As a result, your entire argument will end up falling apart. Therefore, it is advisable that when constructing a premise, it is vital to put into consideration the needs of your audience. For instance, to come up with a solid premise, there is need to consider the beliefs of the opponents. Since a premise is a proposition that leads to the drawing of a conclusion, it can either be the major of the minor proposition in a deductive argument (Prakken, 2010). For instance, identical twins have different body sizes. Such twins possess same genes. So, the environment must be responsible in the determination of their body sizes. The above argument shows that the first two statements provide reasons for accepting the last. Therefore, they are said to be the premises of the argument, while the third is the
By providing a base argument and the implications of
The first type of premise he uses is an empirical premise. “Empirical premises use empirical evidence that appeals to facts about the world obtained through observing or measuring the world” (Quant...
The first premise is: “All ravens are black.” This premise is a hypothesis that takes a general form -- “all Fs are G”. The hypothesis “All ravens are black” is logically equivalent to the hypothesis “All non-black things are non-ravens.” Logical equivalence can be defined as: “P being logically equivalent to Q,” which means that P and Q are true or false in all the same situations and that each one is a valid argument for the other. In any instance, anything that confirms one confirms the other. Confirmation Theory of Instance says if while testing a hypothesis in the form “All Fs are G”, a particular F (for some instance) is discovered to also be G, then this evidence is enough (at least to some degree) to favor the hypothesis.
Deductive reasoning is a logical way to increase the set of facts that are assumed to be true. The purpose of Deductive reasoning is to end up at a logical conclusion based on the subject of discussion. Deductive Reasoning uses statements that are logically true in order to omit other statements that contradict the logically true statement, which is to deduce, subtract or takeaway. What
In a valid argument, the conclusion actually does follow from the facts. Unfortunately, this can go wrong in many ways. Facts don 't always support conclusions in the way an argument 's author thinks he does. Those not versed in logic are blissfully unaware of how much our brain messes up the most basic of arguments, leading to the mess of random thoughts, white lies, misinformation,
Each reason (or argument) will be a paragraph. You will create an outline of how you would write those paragraphs. “Reasoning” is different than the “reasons” – it is the logic that you use to make sense of the evidence. Evidence means little without the reasoning behind your conclusions.
evidence, facts and is often the reasons and logic that support the claim. There are a lot
There are six elements that make a theory sound. These elements are scientific criteria that provide whether or not the theories are scientific. The most important of these elements is empirical validity, which uses evidence to confirm or disprove a theory and have criteria for interpreting data as factual, irregular or unrelated. The other major elements include internal logical consistency, scope and parsimony, testability, and usefulness and policy implication. A theory must be logically consistent. In order to be so, it must have clearly defined concepts, have logically stated and internally consistent propositions. If a theory contains pointless ideas or is inconsistent, it can't really explain anything. Scope refers to the assortment of events that it propositions to explain. Parsimony is used to describe the concepts and propositions as to whether they are concise or abstract. Scope and Parsimony are interrelated. A scientific theory must be able to be tested by objective, repeatable evidence, but not against empirical findings. In order to assess the value of the theory, its usefulness for effective policy implications are evaluated. (Akers, 2009, p. 5-11)
This structure shows the two initial premises which he argues, in detail, to be correct and in the case that they are correct a logically valid conclusion.
other parts, however, that have no indication of either being true or false. This is not to
The problem of induction has a close relation with the inductive reasoning and such expression as “a posteriori”. There are two distinct methods of reasoning: deductive and inductive approaches. A deductive argument is the truth preserving in which if the premises are true than it follows that the conclusion will be true too. The deductive reasoning goes from the general to the specific things. On the other hand, an inductive argument is an argument that may contain true premises and still has a false conclusion. Induction or the inductive reasoning is the form of reasoning in which we make a conclusion about future experience or about presence based on the past experience. The problem of induction also has a connection with the expressions as “a priori” and “a posteriori”. The truth in a priori statement is embedded in the statement itself, and the truth is considered to be as common knowledge or justification without the need to experience. Whereas, in order to determine if a pos...
Deduction is the third characteristic of rationalism, which is to prove something with certainty rather than reason. For example, Descartes attempted to prove the existence of God through deductive reasoning in his third meditation. It went something like this: “I have an idea of a perfect substance, but I am not a perfect substance, so there is no way I could not be the cause of this idea, so there must be some formal reality which is a perfect substance- like God. Because only perfection can create perfection, and though it can also create imperfection- nothing that is imperfect can create something that is perfect.
The problem facing induction has been a great challenge presented by epistemology to various philosophers, among them David Hume. Since the 18th century, he has raised the induction concern to various philosophers with the aim of finding a solution to the dilemma. Karl Popper, Chalmers among others philosophers played an imperative role in identifying a considerable solution to the induction problem. In philosophy, induction is defined as a form of reasoning that is derived from a particular observation of a phenomenon and draws conclusions from the phenomenon. For instance, it is certain that the sun will rise tomorrow in the morning simply because it has been observed that it rises every morning. This is an example of inductive reasoning among individuals. On the contrary, philosophers stipulate that inductive reasoning has its challenges that are based on the aspect of justification (Sellars, 2000, p. 64). This essay will aim at evaluating the problems of induction and establishing some possible solutions to the dilemma.
Inductive reasoning can be quickly summarized as a method through which a conclusion is drawn from particular cases; this conclusion may be applied to another specific case or generalized. All of our conclusions about the world around us, which we rely on daily without question, are dependent on this process. The expectation that our house will not cave in, that water will come from the faucet when turned on, that we will wake the next morning, are all propositions extrapolated from inductive arguments.
Deductive reasoning is general information people have and use to reach to some type of conclusion. Deductive is done by understanding the first part which is using logic to reach a conclusion which reasoning is to understand what is going on. There are many different ways to explain what is required of deductive reasoning. For example, in an article, it states, “logical way of reaching a conclusion based on ded...