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History of psychology quizlet
The origin of psychology
Sensation and visual perception
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Toward the end of the Enlightenment Era, psychology was born. (Unit 8 Introduction.) Two early experimenters, Weber and Fechner, focused on the study of sensory abilities, later terming this study psychophysics. (Fechner Video.) Currently, this study includes the concepts of the absolute threshold, the terminal threshold and the difference threshold. (Hergenhahn & Henley, 2014.) The absolute threshold is the weakest stimuli people can perceive. Many examples of this concept includes the use of sound to prove that there are some levels of pitches that people may not be able to hear. In the real world, the absolute threshold exists in every modality. (Unit 8 Introduction.) The terminal threshold can be seen as the exact opposite of the scale. …show more content…
(Weber’s Law Video.) There has been a sudden rise in the testing of Weber’s law, after obesity started to skyrocket in the United States. One study used psychophysical comparisons to show that obese individuals experience normal sweet and fat sensations. They like sweetness the same or less, but like fat more than the non-obese do. (Bartoshuk, Duffy, Hayes, Moskowitz, & Snyder, 2006.) Through this study, they were able to provide evidence that the sensory properties of sweet and fat vary with body mass index. The obese seem to have a completely different set of oral senses than the non-obese. The obese experience reduced sweetness, which probably intensifies fat sensations. (Bartoshuk et. al., …show more content…
Even though it was the beginning of psychology, it brought much controversy. (Unit 8 Introduction.) The Structuralists were influenced by the chemists who had discovered the elements in the periodic table. The essence of Structuralism was to understand the elements of the mind, now referred to as mental chemistry. (Hergenhahn & Henley, 2014.) Wilhelm Wundt was an important person in this school. He believed that difference in reaction time would test the brain and measure decision making. (Unit 8 Introduction.) Wundt’s version of testing decision making would often consist of using introspection. A psychology based on introspection was difficult to defend. Two groups, Titchener and Wurzburg group, disagreed with one another. (Introspection Video.) These two groups in Structuralism engaged in an argument with no proven solution. As a result, a number of new schools arose, each having a different problem with Structuralism. The Behaviorists held the firm belief that introspection would never be a science. Functionalists wanted a school that was practical, putting their focus into education and individual differences. Psychoanalysts were interested in helping people who suffered from anxiety and depression. (Unit 8 Introduction.) These differencing views, along with others, lead to the death of Structuralism. There are now over ten schools of psychology. (Introspection
Many people attribute modern psychology to psychologist such as Sigmund Freud, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner. Though, they were a part of developing modern psychology, many forget to recognize important founders such as William James. According to King, Viney and Woody, James came from a family with a strict father, raised in tolerance. James and his father had many encounters because of their different views. They were a wealthy and cultured family. James attended Harvard, studying a broad spectrum of just about everything. He finally received his medical degree in 1869, but then became depressed and anxious about life. He was not fond of medicine and was then offered to teach a course in the Relations between Psychology and Physiology. He was also the founder of Harvard’s first psychology laboratory. James then began to teach psychology as well as writing the first U.S. psychology text, Principles of Psychology, in 1890; this book was the main psychology textbook for many years to come (p.284). James was well known for his philosophy, which he explored many areas. For example individualism, which he believed that circumstances shape individuals and then individuals shape the world also that we understand reality only through individual experiences. Pluralism was another view which he believed that there are many ways to understand the world, and a variety of methods and topics to study. Also, for James pragmatism was a belief that if an idea worked it was valid; these ideas should have “cash value” as he stated. He meant that these ideas should be useful and apply them to the real world. Although philosophy was a major part of his work, he was also known as the American founder of psychology (King, Viney &Woody 2013, p.286). Wi...
The current epidemic of obesity is caused largely by an environment that promotes excessive food intake and discourages physical activity (French, 2001). I expect to observe in this study that once a person is presented with a choice between a sweet unhealthy or healthier snack will they will choose the unhealthy snack over the healthier choice 80% of the time.
The development of psychology like all other sciences started with great minds debating unknown topics and searching for unknown answers. Early philosophers and psychologists such as Sir Francis Bacon and Charles Darwin took a scientific approach to psychology by introducing the ideas of measurement and biology into the way an indi...
The study of psychology began as a theoretical subject a branch of ancient philosophy, and later as a part of biological sciences and physiology. However, over the years, it has grown into a rigorous science and a separate discipline, with its own sets of guidance and experimental techniques. This paper aims to study the various stages that the science of psychology passed through to reach its contemporary status, and their effects on its development. It begins with an overview of the historical and philosophical basis of psychology, discusses the development of the various schools of thought, and highlights their effects on contemporary personal and professional decision-making.
Titchener, who was a one student of Wundt, on the other hand, described his system as structuralism, which involves the analysis of the structure of the mind. Tichener broke down consciousness into elemental feelings and sensations. Wundt held the belief that consciousness was vital in scientific psychology, thus dependent on structuralism. He used introspection to study the functions of the mind occurring in active experience. It is however, imperative to note that Wundt’s introspection could not be used to establish higher functions of the mind. He divided the active experiences as feelings and sensations (Titchener, 1915).
Yeomans, Martin R. "Understanding Individual Differences in Acquired Flavour Liking in Humans." Chemosensory Perception 3.1 (2010): 34-41. Print.
Introspection and behaviorism used to be two very popular styles of research. Introspection is the process of observing one's own mental, or emotional processes. Whereas behaviorism is the theory that both human and animal behavior can be changed by conditioning. These styles created a new way for researchers to expand their theories. While this style of research was prominent for several years, the psychology community soon began to realize that they both had certain limitations.
This concept led to a broadening of psychology. Many groups that were often overlooked by psychologists were being discovered and observed. Behavior became the dominant school of psychology in the U.S. until the 1960's.
Psychology did not begin to progress until it moved from an introspective model to an experimental model. The introspective model was a central component to the early day’s of psychology, more specifically during the Structuralist period. It is the process of examining yourself and your actions. People would have
Rationalism and empiricism were two philosophical schools in the 17th and 18th centuries, that were expressing opposite views on some subjects, including knowledge. While the debate between the rationalist and empiricist schools did not have any relationship to the study of psychology at the time, it has contributed greatly to facilitating the possibility of establishing the discipline of Psychology. This essay will describe the empiricist and rationalist debate, and will relate this debate to the history of psychology.
Detection of weak stimulus e.g. Faint sounds can't be explained on the basis of laws of thresholds.This thing lead the signal detection theory to develop.
Reason being, much knowledge was gained in trying to figure out how the brain operates. Freud suggested the idea that the brain can be compartmentalized, which he stated as being the id, ego ad superego. As a result, other theorists developed theories to disproof Freud’s theory, thereby paving the way for the formation of other fields of psychology such as the behaviorists, humanists and cognitive
Psychology started, and had a long history, as a topic within the fields of philosophy and physiology. It then became an independent field of its own through the work of the German Wilhelm Wundt, the founder of experimental psychology and structuralism. Wundt stressed the use of scientific methods in psychology, particularly through the use of introspection. In 1875, a room was set-aside for Wundt for demonstrations in what we now call sensation and perception. This is the same year that William James set up a similar lab at Harvard. Wilhelm Wundt and William James are usually thought of as the fathers of psychology, as well as the founders of psychology?s first two great ?schools? Structuralism and Functionalism. Psychologist Edward B Titchner said; ?to study the brain and the unconscious we should break it into its structural elements, after that we can construct it into a whole and understand what it does.? (psicafe.com)
“Orosensory self-stimulation” plays a great role in overeating and obesity. It is a cyclic process in which eating delectable foods conveys the message to the brain that makes us want more of those foods. The thing that drives eating and makes food enticing is the Orosensory effect (Kessler, 2009, p.37 ).
Psychology is the study of the mind, its biology, and behavior if the individual. The father of psychology, Wilhelm Wundt, used objective measurement and controlled analyzing to find and emphasize separation between psychology and philosophy (McLeod). Wundt opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879, using his background in physiology to study reactions and sensations (McLeod). There is no doubt that he, along with the later help of Sigmund Freud, launched what is now modern psychology. Psychology and its research helped the world understand the inner workings of the mind and how it affects everyone around us.