Correlation between phenylthiocarbamide taster status and quinine sensitivity
Introduction
Each person has unique preferences for certain tastes and types of food. Some of these preferences are due to environmental factors, while others have genetic components (Yeomans 2010). One such genetically influenced trait is the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). PTC was discovered by accident in 1931 by colleagues Arthur Fox and C. R. Noller. While working in the laboratory, dust from the PTC bottle flew around and Noller complained of the bitter taste while Fox noticed nothing. The two then tried the crystals and observed a distinct difference in their ability to taste PTC. Fox proceeded to investigate this phenomenon and determined that he found both tasters and non-tasters within varied groups of individuals (Fox 1932). PTC has since been a topic of wide interest within fields as diverse as genetics, psychophysiology, ecology, evolution, nutrition, and science education (Wooding 2006). Due to the fact that the phenotype is nearly impossible to guess until explicitly tested, yet once tested quite striking, it has often been used to spice up educational lessons (Wooding 2006).
Aside from the pedagogical implications of such a striking phenotype, many pioneering studies relating to PTC and the taster/non-taster phenotype have been conducted since its discovery (Wooding 2006). Directly after Fox presented his findings for the National Academy of Sciences, Blakeslee also presented his large-scale study of PTC inheritance within families and saw a similar phenomenon of taster and non-taster phenotypes. Furthermore, Blakeslee classified the tasters according to their taste acuity using dilutions at which the bitte...
... middle of paper ...
... and High Sensitivity to Quinine Hydrochloride of the Non-Tasters in Japanese." Chemical Senses 22.5 (1997): 547-551. Print.
Smutzer, Gregory, et al. "Validation of Edible Taste Strips for Assessing PROP Taste Perception." Chemical Senses 38.6 (2013): 529-539. Print.
Snyder, L. H. "Inherited Taste Deficiency." Science 74 (1931): 151-152. Print.
Turnbull, Bianca, and Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith. "Taste Sensitivity to 6-n-Propylthiouracil Predicts Acceptance of Bitter-Tasting Spinach in 3–6-y-Old Children." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76.5 (2002): 1101. Print.
Wooding, Stephen. "Phenylthiocarbamide: A 75-Year Adventure in Genetics and Natural Selection." Genetics 174.4 (2006): 2015. Print.
Yeomans, Martin R. "Understanding Individual Differences in Acquired Flavour Liking in Humans." Chemosensory Perception 3.1 (2010): 34-41. Print.
Research on taste aversion in rats led to the discovery that suppression of the immune system can be influenced by:
Rantala, M. J., and Roff, D. A. 2006. Analysis of the importance of genotypic variation,
-Reilly Philip. Is It In Your Genes. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 2004: 223-228. Print
First, the connection between individual and food are the preference of individual and the potential meaning of food consume, which involve with biological, psychological, and cultural motivation and understanding. In the practice of food preference, though there are biological reasons for food choices, individual preference and avoidance are mainly based on psychological and social reasons. According to Paul Rozin (1987), he agreed that “genetically determined predispositions” which lead to certain food choice are true, and “the best-documented biological constraints are: an innate preference for sweet tastes and an avoidance of bitter taste or irritation of the oropharyngeal surface” (P.182.). He raised more examples of subconsciously preference of infants toward sweets and rats toward sodium salt (under the condition of sodium deficiency) to support this point of view (1987, P.182).
Taste can be described as four basic sensations: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter, which can be combined in various ways to make all other taste sensations.("How does our sense of taste work?", 2017). Taste receptors (called taste buds) for these sensations are located on various areas of our tongue: front, sweet; sides, sour; sides and front, salty; and back, bitter. There are about 10,000 taste buds, which are
Kevin Klutschkowski is my fifty-two-year-old step-father and can boast about being the only person in the world with his name. His memories are very nearly all perfectly intact and there is little more he likes talking about than his childhood. He is German on his father’s side and Mexican on his mother’s side, and these two very different cultures have heavily influenced his tastes and sense of culture as an individual. As the two strongest food palates in his life were so very different from each other, they have made him more open to other cultural palates and flavors as he has grown up.
I did not realize I had a taste aversion until I read chapter 7 in Exploring Psychology starting on page 257. Taste aversion is explained as becoming violently ill after eating, tasting or drinking a consumable item
Before 1850, American’s food flavoring was formerly used as flavored food and beverages from local and foreign sources of flavorings such as rum, fruit juice, and spices in the home. People discovered nature aroma when they found food flavoring could be enriched by simple methods. In the early 20th century, Germany’s chemist discovered one of the first artificial flavors by accident. They created methyl anthranilate as artificial grape flavor while mixing chemicals. Now methyl anthranilate is the main ingredient for grape Kool-Aid. Food flavoring in America began during the industrial revolution. According to Schlosser's “Fast Food Nation,” synthetic flavor additives were used mainly in baked goods, candies, and sodas until the 1950s, when sales of processed food skyrocketed. The invention of machines increased the number of flavors that could be created from chemical synthesis. By the 1960s, the American flavor industry was creating flavors to provide the taste for thousands of new foods (Why the Fries Taste Good).
...ike feet? There is science behind foods and why they make healthier alternatives seem unpalatable and unappetizing. Companies are making evident and steady efforts to make their products appeal to kids, and we are underestimating the tactics that they use to achieve their primary goal: have their products flying off the shelves. So here's the science and here's the information, SO WHAT? Well, cravings take control of us. They affect our health. They affect what we do with our money and where we spend our time. By giving into these cravings we are surrendering control of a part of our lives. We need this information exposed so we can take control of our lives, to invoke high levels of change, and make more informed decisions. so today, science is not about facts and studies, but about power. It's about asserting that we are under our own control. Thanks for listening
The Department of Food Science, Purdue University has conducted a study to test the validity of oleogustus as a basic sense of taste. “The study started out with 54 participants, and ended up with 28 who were considered better tasters.” (the guardian, 2015) “Participants were able to distinguish linoleic acid (a type of fatty acid) from other tastes in one such substance. The result of the study has shown that “fat taste” can provide evidence supporting the existence of another basic taste quality for selected fatty acids (fat taste).” (Mattes, et al., 2015, p. 514 – 515)
Hydrophobic part of protein interact with lipid. The interaction can be strong and it is difficult for lipid to be removed from protein. When lipid has a flavor or if it reacts to produce flavor, the protein might be considered to contributed to the flavor of the prooduct. Most of the flavor compound are volatile and lipid soluble. Protein degradation also contribute to the flavor of the product. It is usually has a negative effect for the product and result in a bitter taste. Further degradation may lead to the formation of unpleasant odors. The interaction between protein and amino acid with fatty acid will produce pleasant odors compound.
I believe that parents, caregivers, or anyone that has contact with a toddler should know about what nutrition they need and why local produce is better for the toddler. I choose toddler’s nutrition because in psychology class, we are studying their development, so something as simple as what fruits and vegetables they eat can affect all points throughout the toddler’s life. In addition, my sister is pregnant so as the aunt of the child, I feel I have the responsibility in helping my younger sister and teaching her nutrition for her baby. After researching, I know that feeding local produce to my niece or nephew when they become toddlers is vital and can, enhance their development. So let’s learn about toddle...
Social influences on food intake refers to the impact that one or more individuals have an effect on what another person eats (EUFIC, 2004). For example, even before birth, children can obtain information from its mother about some of the foods that she’s eaten. Peter Hepper did a study where he fed pregnant rats garlic late in gestation. After the rats gave birth, the young ones were given to foster mothers that had never been given garlic. When the foster-reared pups were 12 days old, they were given the option between two dishes, one containing garlic and one containing onion. Hepper saw that the rat pups had been delivered by mothers who had been given garlic while pregnant stayed near the garlic bowl as opposed to the control liter (Galef, 208). There is also evidence that shows that the flavors of foods that a woman eats while lactating can affect the flavor of the milk. It hd also been proven that the exposure to milk flavored by foods a lactating woman has eating can affect the food preferences of her nurslings at weaning. For example, at weaning, rat babies showed enhanced preferences for foods eat by a lactating female from whom the pups had suckled for several hours, but not for the same food if it had been eaten by a female rat that acted like a mother but did not give milk during the time that the pups spent with
There is no one single sense dedicated for texture since it relies on multiple senses. Since most of the sensory information of a food’s texture takes place in the mouth, the pleasantness and taste of food may change either before, during, or after chewing. A food with an unpleasantness to the texture sensory can result in reduced consumption of the food.
Our ability to taste begins at the taste receptors on the tongue. The tongue detects six different taste sensations, known respectively as sweet, salty, sour, bitter, piquancy (spicy), and umami (savory).