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History of mathematicians
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People have been using mathematics for thousands years. It is a part of their everyday life, for example, cleaning their houses, making breakfast, buying groceries or walking dogs. Everybody is using math naturally without realizing its existence. Mathematics refers to “the abstract science of number, quantity, and space, either as abstract concepts (pure mathematics), or as applied to other disciplines such as physics and engineering (applied mathematics)” (en.oxforddictionaries.com). While pure mathematics is the attempt to understand that 1 + 1 = 2, applied mathematics refer to the use of the knowledge of addition to calculate the balance of a bank account. An advantageous methodology in applied mathematics is mathematical modeling.
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The optimization model is a model that provides a variety of practical applications to achieve a desired goal for production and delivery at a minimum cost or maximum income. This model can be classified by a number of variables, i.e., one variable and multiple variables, and the mathematics computational method is used for the result calculation. , By using this model, Saha and Ksaibati (2016) have presented an improvement of a traffic safety management system (TSMS) for advance safety of the urban paved road network in Wyoming, USA. They concentrated on the annual safety budget, roadway inventory, roadway functional classification, historical crashes, safety improvement countermeasures, cost and crash reduction. They treated them as factors of the model which it made this research study different from the previous one. For instance, Pérez-Galarce et al.(2016) developed an optimization approach to provide shelter, medical and psychological assistance to the victims taking into account the quality of service by locating and assign refuge center through facilitating buildings. This research was conducted inside the red zone of the 2010 earthquake in …show more content…
Available at : https://en.oxforddictionaries.com(Accessed:21 July 2017)
[5] Ganesan S. and Lingeshwaran S.(2017) ‘Galerkin finite element method for cancer invasion mathematical model’, Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 73(12), pp.2603-2617.
[6] Liu, H., Zhou, Z. and Liu, M.(2015)’A probability model of predicting the sand erosion profile in elbows for gas flow’, Wear, 342, pp.377-390.
[7] Lv, Y., Guan, L., Tang, Z. and Zhao, Q.(2016)’A Probability Model of PV for the Middle-term to Long-term Power System Analysis and Its Application’, Energy Procedia, 103, pp.28-33.
[8] Meerschaert,M.M.(2013) In Mathematical Modeling. 4th edn. Boston:Academic Press.
[9] Meerschaert,M.M.(2013) In Mathematical Modeling. 4th edn. Boston:Academic Press. pp.223-250.
[10] Pérez-Galarce, F., Canales, L. J., Vergara, C. and Candia-Véjar, A.(2016)’An optimization model for the location of disaster refuges’,Socio-Economic Planning Sciences,3(6),pp.549-558.
[11] Saha,P. and Ksaibati, K. (2016)’An Optimization Model for Improving Highway Safty’, Jourmal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Version), 3(6), pp.549-558.
[12] Vocabulary.com.Available at : https://www.vocabulary.com. (Accessed: 20 July
Mathematics is used to pay bills and to cook to give a few examples. It is also used to figure out different formulas for space. Mathematics is used for computing
A transportation network must be judged for its cost-effectiveness. The American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) in 1952 made its tenet, "that a profit should be returned on an investment applies as well to highway projects as to general business ventures."2 Cost-effectiveness includes safety, ease of use, and flexibility in the eyes of both the local government and individual users. Unfortunately, "little or no supporting evidence"3 exists and few studies compared the systems. Since no monetary value can be placed on human life, comparisons of safety are even fewer and less thorough. A simple account of accident records, however, is a good judge of safety. Studies of system costs, ont the other hand, are purely monetary and more frequent. From the operator's standpoint, costs break down to overhead and construction, maintenance of cars and lines, operation costs, and profits. From the users' standpoint the only cost is the fare.
Moniter, Geopolitical. "US FEMA Camps." Global Research. Global Research, 20 Sept. 2007. Web. 24 May 2014.
I also learned that mathematics was more than merely an intellectual activity: it was a necessary tool for getting a grip on all sorts of problems in science and engineering. Without mathematics there is no progress. However, mathematics could also show its nasty face during periods in which problems that seemed so simple at first sight refused to be solved for a long time. Every math student will recognize these periods of frustration and helplessness.
Molenaar, K. R., Anderson, S. D., Schexnayder, C. J., National Research Council (U.S.)., National Cooperative Highway Research Program., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials., & United States. (2010). Guidebook on risk analysis tools and management practices to control transportation project costs. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board.
Mathematics is everywhere we look, so many things we encounter in our everyday lives have some form of mathematics involved. Mathematics the language of understanding the natural world (Tony Chan, 2009) and is useful to understand the world around us. The Oxford Dictionary defines mathematics as ‘the science of space, number, quantity, and arrangement, whose methods, involve logical reasoning and use of symbolic notation, and which includes geometry, arithmetic, algebra, and analysis of mathematical operations or calculations (Soanes et al, Concise Oxford Dictionary,
Many years ago humans discovered that with the use of mathematical calculations many things can be calculated in the world and even the universe. Mathematics consists of many different operations. The most important that is used by mathematicians, scientists and engineers is the derivative. Derivatives can help make calculations of anything with respect to another event or thing. Derivatives are mostly common when used with respect to time. This is a very important tool in this revolutionary world. With derivatives we can calculate the rate of change of anything with respect to time. This way we can have a sort of knowledge of upcoming events, and the different behaviors events can present. For example the population growth can be estimated applying derivatives. Not only population growth, but for example when dealing with plagues there can be certain control. An other example can be with diseases, taking all this events together a conclusion can be made.
Ever wonder how scientists figure out how long it takes for the radiation from a nuclear weapon to decay? This dilemma can be solved by calculus, which helps determine the rate of decay of the radioactive material. Calculus can aid people in many everyday situations, such as deciding how much fencing is needed to encompass a designated area. Finding how gravity affects certain objects is how calculus aids people who study Physics. Mechanics find calculus useful to determine rates of flow of fluids in a car. Numerous developments in mathematics by Ancient Greeks to Europeans led to the discovery of integral calculus, which is still expanding. The first mathematicians came from Egypt, where they discovered the rule for the volume of a pyramid and approximation of the area of a circle. Later, Greeks made tremendous discoveries. Archimedes extended the method of inscribed and circumscribed figures by means of heuristic, which are rules that are specific to a given problem and can therefore help guide the search. These arguments involved parallel slices of figures and the laws of the lever, the idea of a surface as made up of lines. Finding areas and volumes of figures by using conic section (a circle, point, hyperbola, etc.) and weighing infinitely thin slices of figures, an idea used in integral calculus today was also a discovery of Archimedes. One of Archimedes's major crucial discoveries for integral calculus was a limit that allows the "slices" of a figure to be infinitely thin. Another Greek, Euclid, developed ideas supporting the theory of calculus, but the logic basis was not sustained since infinity and continuity weren't established yet (Boyer 47). His one mistake in finding a definite integral was that it is not found by the sums of an infinite number of points, lines, or surfaces but by the limit of an infinite sequence (Boyer 47). These early discoveries aided Newton and Leibniz in the development of calculus. In the 17th century, people from all over Europe made numerous mathematics discoveries in the integral calculus field. Johannes Kepler "anticipat(ed) results found… in the integral calculus" (Boyer 109) with his summations. For instance, in his Astronomia nova, he formed a summation similar to integral calculus dealing with sine and cosine. F. B. Cavalieri expanded on Johannes Kepler's work on measuring volumes. Also, he "investigate[d] areas under the curve" ("Calculus (mathematics)") with what he called "indivisible magnitudes.
What is math? If you had asked me that question at the beginning of the semester, then my answer would have been something like: “math is about numbers, letters, and equations.” Now, however, thirteen weeks later, I have come to realize a new definition of what math is. Math includes numbers, letters, and equations, but it is also so much more than that—math is a way of thinking, a method of solving problems and explaining arguments, a foundation upon which modern society is built, a structure that nature is patterned by…and math is everywhere.
For formulating a more efficient transport pattern, there are some specific strategies. Firstly, government can encourage people to pay more attention to public transit. The actual data about transit use from most cities indicates that transit use is growing in many cities, in addition, some developed cities have been reducing their car use and pay more attention to the public transport (Newman, 1999). Encouraging urban citizens use more public transit is effective in reducing the quantity of private cars. It is generally known that private cars have brought great pressure on urban traffic. Secondly, government can restrict cars based on the “odd-and-even l...
We all use vehicles for transportation. People usually go to their desired destination either by driving their own cars or traveling in public transportation. Actually, it might be tough to choose that which one is the best selection for people to travel. Many people choose one of them according to their comfort while traveling and both of them have advantages and disadvantages in different conditions. Public transportation and driving own car both shares differences and similarities in many aspects, such as facility, cost, and comfort as well as traffic jam and accident occurrence.
Congestion slows life down by causing massive delays, eating away at valuable time and productivity. This has become a major issue because people are stuck in traffic when they do not need to be and conditions will only continue to get worse without government intervention. Many solutions have been offered and discussed, but few have been implemented. This paper will serve to outline the economic theory behind traffic congestion, alternative policy options there are for dealing with traffic congestion, and ultimately what the best strategy is to solve this problem. The solution I propose is to price the highways accurately to achieve the optimum number of vehicles on the road.
The development of every nation hinges on the effectiveness of their transportation systems. Movement of goods, services and people to and from locations is made possible by transportation systems. The importance of effective transportation systems cannot be over-emphasized. Many countries face transportation problems and my country Ghana is no exception. A trip of about 30 minutes usually takes about an hour or more due to traffic jams. This is seriously impacting productivity and has become a topical issue in the country. The situation is the same in Uganda where I currently work. To this end, Transportation Engineers are needed to design roads/ highways that will stand the test of time, plan effective traffic management systems to reduce
As mathematics has progressed, more and more relationships have ... ... middle of paper ... ... that fit those rules, which includes inventing additional rules and finding new connections between old rules. In conclusion, the nature of mathematics is very unique and as we have seen in can we applied everywhere in world. For example how do our street light work with mathematical instructions? Our daily life is full of mathematics, which also has many connections to nature.
Traffic congestion, is one of the major problems faced in the capitals and major cities in most countries. As with the increase in the growth rate, comes the growing demand for the use of transportation. This works with the response to the needs of the community.