Name: Date:
Graded Assignment
Semester Part 2
Answer the questions below. When you have finished, submit this assignment to your teacher by the due date for full credit.
(5 points)
Score
1. What is Boyle’s law?
• State the definition of the law in words.
For an ideal gas at constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other.
• What are the assumptions of Boyle’s law?
Idea gas behavior for a fixed amount of gas and constant temperature.
• Write mathematical equations that represent the law.
P1V1 = P2V2
• What can be calculated using Boyle’s law?
Changes in pressure and volume of gases.
• Using a bicycle tire pump as an example, describe what happens to the gas molecules that behave according to Boyle’s
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law. When pumping air into a bicycle tire, the volume of air decreases as you increase the pressure to pump more air. This shows the inversely proportional relationship of volume and pressure. (5 points) Score 2. Draw a structural formula for 1-hexene (C6H12), which has a double bond between the number 1 and 2 carbons in the chain. What class of compound is it, and what feature distinguishes it as that class? 1-Hexene is an alkene, and it features a double bond. (5 points) Score 3. The three major types of radioactive decay of an unstable nucleus are alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. • Compare and contrast alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays.
Alpha particles are radioactive helium molecules released from alpha decay, 2 neutrons and 2 protons.
Beta particles could be either positrons or an electron emitted from the breakdown of a neutron.
Gamma Rays are very dangerous and radioactive energy emitted. It consists of high-energy photons.
• Explain how alpha decay works and how it causes transmutations.
In alpha decay an alpha particle is emitted, this causes the atomic mass to be reduced by 4 and the atomic number by two. This is called transmutation since the original element was transformed into another smaller element.
• Explain how beta decay works and how it causes transmutations.
In beta radiation a neutron is transmuted into a proton and electron, as a result of the emission from an electron, beta particle, from the atoms nucleus. Here the mass of the atom does not change, but the atomic number increase by one.
• Compare the transmutations caused by alpha and beta emissions.
In alpha emissions an element is transmuted to another smaller element whose atomic mass is 4 units less and atomic number 2 units more than the original one.
In beta emissions, the mass of the atom does not change, but the atomic number increases by 1
unit. Score (5 points) 4. A calorimeter contains 500 g of water at 25°C. You place a cold pack containing 100 g of crystalline ammonium nitrate inside the calorimeter. When the ammonium nitrate finishes dissolving, the temperature of the water inside the calorimeter is 9.3°C. The specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g–°C. What is the enthalpy of fusion (ΔHf) of the ammonium nitrate? (Show your work.) Where necessary, use q = mHf. qnitrate = -qcalorimeter qCalorimeter = (500g)(4.18J/gC)(9.3C-25C) = -32813 J qnitrate= 32813 J qnitrate= mHf 32813 J = (100g)Hf Hfnitrate= 328.13 J/g Your Score ___ of 20
Physicists started to realize that stable nuclei can be converted to unstable nuclei. Through such process, they discovered that heavy nuclei can undergo nuclear fission. While testing, they added a neutron to an isotope of Uranium 235. This resulted Uranium 235 to become unstable and break down into Barium and Krypton, releasing two to three more neutrons. The breakdown of Uranium 235 is called “fission”.
The general chemical characteristic of gas equilibriums is when the concentrations of reactants and products do not change with time. This is known as the state of reversible reaction. At this state, pressure, density, colour and concentration can be recognised. At equilibrium, both the forward and backward reactions are still continuing because the rates of the forward and backward reactions are equal. This leads to the general physical characteristic of gas equilibriums which is the concentration of each substances become constant and the system is said to be at dynamic equilibrium. The equilibrium can be established in physical equilibrium and in chemical equilibrium.
11C or more commonly known as Carbon 11 is a radioisotope of Carbon (tracer) which gives off gamma rays. This radioisotope decays to Boron 11 due to beta plus decay or positron emission. Conversely this change can be a result of electron capture but the chance of this happening is minuscule (0.19-0.23% of the time). Carbon 11 has a half-life of 20.34 minutes [1]. The equation of the transformation between 11C and 11B is shown below:
Answer the following questions with information you learned in the document , your book, and through Internet research:
5. In a gas increasing the pressure means molecules are more squashed up together, so there will be more collisions. My Investigation. I am going to investigate the concentration variable. I have chosen this because in my opinion it will be the easiest one to measure.
The Equation Of State These three gas laws that were proposed by Boyle, Amontons and Charles can be summarised as follows: For a fixed mass of gas pV = constant if T = constant (i) p/T = constant if V = constant (ii) V/T = constant if p = constant (iii)
How does the air pressure inside a ball influence the bounce height/vertical motion of that ball?
he found the number of alpha particles emitted per second by a gram of radium.
This is going to be used as an example to show how the decaying of
To understand what a radioactive isotope is a basic understanding of the atom is necessary. Atoms are comprised of three subatomic particles : protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons bind together to form the nucleus of the atom, while the electrons surround and orbit the nucleus. Protons and electrons have opposite charges and therefore attract one another (electrons are negative and protons are positive, and opposite charges attract), and in most cases the number of electrons and protons are the same for an atom (making the atom neutral in charge). The neutrons are neutral. Their purpose in the nucleus is to bind protons together. Because the protons all have the same charge and would naturally repel one another, the neutrons act as "glue" to hold the protons tightly together in the nucleus.
The nuclei are ejected from heavy, unstable nuclei so as to remove excess protons and neutrons. However, the formed nuclei may still be radioactive in which even further decay will occur. Alpha emissions occur in nuclei with atomic numbers greater than 83. E.g 23892U 42He + 23490Th (both mass and No. of protons are conserved during the reaction)
energy out of a nuclear reaction than we put in. First, the energy per fission
The process of changing of unstable nucleus into another element is called transmutation.The above phenomenon is called Radioactivity.
Boyle's law states that the volume of gas varies indefinitely with the pressure applied to it.