Composite materials are being used in sectors such as automobile and sports .Synthetic fibres in composites are costly and creating environmental problems . Natural fibres such as bamboo , jute ,and banana are good alternate because they are light weight, bio-degradable and energy for fibre extraction is very low. The paper work describes the fabrication of bamboo composite. Inter-nodal bamboo strips were selected for reinforcement and its strength and stiffness is examined experimentally. Composite is prepared with hand layup method .Bamboo volume fraction was varied to investigate its effect on strength and stiffness. Experimental and theoretical values of stiffness and strength, have been evaluated under tensile loading and using strength of material approach respectively. Air void and strip miss alignment are responsible for variation in experimental values and theoretical . Keywords: Bamboo strip , Bamboo composite , Young modulus , Strength ,Volume fraction , Epoxy . I. INTRODUCTION …show more content…
The applications of natural fibers in composite are also spreading widely in many sectors such as automobiles, packing ,construction furniture and sports. This is mainly due to the advantages of natural fibre over synthetic such as low cost, low density, less damage to processing equipment, good relative mechanical properties, renewablility, biodegradability. Natural fibers were also introduced with the intention of reducing wieght of composites, showing a tendency to replace the existing glass fiber reinforced polymer composites .
Different chemistries and production methods of these fibers give them certain advantages. as viscose’s ability to combine with other fibers to create new fabrics easily) and disadvantages. such as nylon’s quickly weakening fibers or natural silk’s difficulty of production. other that make them more or less suitable for certain purposes. For this reason, when? considering silk and artificial silk, it is illogical to pick one fiber that is superior to the others.
Chemically all polymeric materials comprise of hydro-carbon chains and usually have high heat of combustion. When they are exposed to fire, they burn rapidly with the release of high amount of heat, flame and smoke. Similarly the natural fibers, wood flour, are highly combustible and burn rapidly. So for safely use of the composites materials they must have flame retardant properties as well.
Fiber is a threadlike material that can be found in a natural or manmade form. Natural fibers derive from various animals, plants and can even be produced by insects. These fibers have been in use since prehistoric times and are currently produced today. The most common natural fibers used are linen, wool, silk and cotton. They have been woven together to create fabrics for clothing and other items. A natural protein fiber, called wool, was discovered before 10,000 B.C.E. and woven into cloth by 1900 B.C.E. Wool comes from predominantly sheep but is also found in other animals such as, llamas, alpacas, camels and goats. Tribes in North Europe spun wool using a crude spindle, which is a stick with a stone or clay ring connected to the end to make yarn. They also made wool into cloth by weaving the thread in a criss cross style. Some humans 8,000 years ago had domesticated sheep specifically for the production of wool and other uses. In 4,000 B.C.E. the city of Babylon also known as the “Land of Wool”, had bought and sold woolen cloth which was important to their society. Over the years spinning and weaving machines were constantly improved like the spinning jenny built in 1767 with many spindles placed side to side allowing it to operate 120 spindles at once. Weaving wool became more machinery based rather than using the traditional manual weaving (“History of Wool”, n.d.). In order to create the fiber wool, there is a process of cutting the hair from the animal which is usually done manually by shearing specialist. After cutting, the sheared wool is cleaned and brushed to straighten out the fiber strands by hand. The wool is then placed into a carding machine where it goes through many bristled rollers and roved. The carding process separates the wool into small pieces and cooled in spools at the end of the machine. Soon the wool is spun into yarn and woven into cloth. Before this machinery process, many women known as spinsters took on the task of turn wool into cloth manually. Wool is commonly used to create sweater garments and coats for cool weather (“History of Fibers”, n.d.). The Fiber repels water well and fabric feels dry in damp or wet weather. A downside to wearing wool is that it attracts moths and carpet beetles that feed on the fabric.
Natural fabrics have been around for thousands of years. There were four great fibers in the fabric industry history. They were wool, cotton, silk and flax. They were easy to make, and were used so much because they were created from natural, renewable, and abundant sources. Most of them are still used a lot today.
Women have all kinds of reasons for wanting to have a bigger bust size. Some do it for the aspect of self-confidence while others may want to do it because they have always felt that the current size of their breasts have always been too small in proportion for the rest of their body. Whatever any particular woman’s reason for wanting to enlarge her breasts, Naturaful can help.
Kool-Aid, strawberry ice cream, and Doritos: What do these things have in common? Whether you realize it or not, many ordinary foods contain dyes. Some of the dyes are natural; others are synthetic. Is one better than the other?
Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz., 1906) or tortoise-shell bamboo is a temperate species of bamboo native to China and Taiwan and naturalized elsewhere. “Mao Zhu” is the Chinese name of Moso bamboo, meaning “hairy bamboo”. The bamboo is famous for its edible shoots which gave the part in its Latin name edulis. This bamboo can reach heights of up to 28 m (92 ft). This particular species of bamboo is the most common species used in the bamboo textile industry of China. Its physical properties boast an average breaking tenacity more than three times that of cotton, wool, rayon, or polyester.
there are lots of merchandise on hand to support tender and moisturize the epidermis (now not just the penis skin) in the type of lotions or lotions. They include ordinary plant extracts like Aloe Vera, a very standard ingredient of these forms of merchandise, which helps hold the epidermis gentle, supple, and rejuvenized. This key ingredient is found in various skin ointments and lotions as it's located to be very robust.
It has low natural durability. Although while growing, the plant doesn’t need much maintenance in terms of pesticide control, once its cut, it requires treatments to prevent it from getting attacked by bugs and termites. Sucrose in the plant attracts these insects. One way to remove it is by placing bamboos in flowing water for several days. The capillary action in the plant helps remove the sugar when water flows from one end to other. This method is still being practiced in many parts of the world where natural flowing river is easily accessible. Other ways are fire treatment and treatment with boric acid. Bamboo is not consistent as a material because of its varied sizes. But with proper tools and techniques, they can be standardized to an acceptable
General properties and failures of bamboo in design include the inherent variation of culms and buckling. Culm variation contributes to the difficulty of designing bamboo structures and obtaining accurate quantitative data. Bamboo is weak because of variation in the cross-section, which can substantially impact the bending and axial stiffness of the culm (Arce-Villalobos, 1993). Buckling occurs in bamboo culms because of bamboo culm’s slenderness and curvature (Yu et al., 2003). Both qualities are avoidable through quality control and design checks throughout the design and construction process.
Bamboo is a building material that is mostly used in rural communities for houses, but even Architects and Engineers are beginning to use Bamboo for it strength as a structural component and a styling agent by means of bamboo window blinds and many more. Bamboo is also commonly used as a type of construction for schools, farms and bridges. Bamboo is also used as scaffolding, shutters, a reinforcing agent for concrete and water piping, the demand for bamboo has recently increased as a new development of variety of bamboo based panels (Dunkelberg, 1992) has been constructed and incorporated into many buildings. Small buildings both non-structural and structural in nature both can be made entirely out of bamboo with the obvious exception of chimneys and fireplaces due to bamboo being a fuelling agent for fires, but it is not used alone it...
Everyone has heard a cashier one time or another mumble, “Paper or plastic?” as he put their groceries in a bag, but do shoppers know the effects of each vessel in which they carry their comestibles? There are many issues and benefits to both paper and plastic. The making and recycling of both paper and plastic bags can harm the environment. One must also look at the costs of making each bag. The convenience of each is also something to look at. Many people jump to conclusion that paper bags are better for the environment without knowing the facts. Since plastic bags are preferred by customers and plastic bags actually do not hurt the environment as much as paper ones do, consumers should feel at ease when choosing plastic.
The effect of the production of natural fibres on the nature and the economical environment.
How did technology affect us? Did it affect us in a positive or a negative way? Technology has both positive and negative effects, it’s plainly about how people choose to use it. Throughout these years, technology has been a great advancement for our country and it helped us develop in many ways that we can’t even count.
Fabrics can be made of natural and synthetic materials. Natural fabrics, like cotton (NY Fashion Center) for example, are found here on earth while synthetic fabrics are manmade (MV Styles). There are many distinguish ways to determine if a fabric is natural or synthetic. Each fabric is different in its own way due to it reaction to heat, its odor, residue and chemicals (MV Styles). Fabrics are seen and used every day and in every way. Synthetic material has been pushed more into the picture because it much easier to make and the cheapest to buy. Synthetic materials are sometimes made form fossil fuels like coal. Cotton and Broadcloth are natural fabrics; Polyester is synthetic and Flannel in a synthetic blend with cotton. Fabrics are made up of fibers which have their own chemical structure, which determines their classification. Polymers make up the fibers (Ball-Deslich and Funkhouser). Since cotton is natural, it comes from a natural cellulose fiber with the polymer of glucose (Cotton). Polyester is synthetic which can be classified as saturated or u...