1.1 Well Testing
Well testing may be regarded as part of formation evaluation. The objective of formation evaluation is to provide input to a geologic model, which in turn may provide important input data for an economic model. Decisions, whether to start possible engineering projects or not, are based on economic analysis.
Classical well test interpretation depends on simplified analytical models and graphical techniques. The methodology may be described as follows: A pressure test is conducted by giving the well at least one perturbation in flow rate. The pressure response (pressure signature) is measured and matched to a mathematical model (equation or graph). Each well has a unique response which depends on the rock and fluid properties.
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1.6.2 DESCRIPTIVE WELL TEST
When it’s necessary to characterize the reservoir, evaluate a stimulation or fracture treatment, estimate the formation flow capacity, it is required to perform a Transient test.
The transient test is performed by introducing abrupt change in flowing conditions, so a transient response is induced. The pressure disturbance penetrates much further than the near-wellbore region, originating a test called “Descriptive” or “Reservoir testing”. The Descriptive well testing is a refined form of testing, which describes what happens in the reservoir when the pressure changes.
Production changes, carried out during a transient well test, induce pressure disturbances in the wellbore and surrounding rock. This disturbances extend into the formation and are affected in various ways by the rock features. For example, a low permeable rock will restrict the pass of the pressure wave. Therefore, a record of the pressure response over time produces a curve whose shape is defined by the reservoir’s unique characteristics.
1.7 Single And Multi Well
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The IFO is the exact image of a Pressure Build-Up (PBU) on a producing well and analysis can derive the same types of fundamental wellbore/reservoir information on an injector well that can with a producing well, skin, permeability and reservoir pressure. The main interest in the IFO is to concede skin and its effect on injector. Because we are limited to 0.5 psi/ft. on injection surface pressures, a rising skin will require even higher injection pressures to maintain the same injection rates. At some future point we will be limited by the surface injection pressure limitation, as set by the state, not supervising the increased cost of fueling injection pumps. If the well in query is a Saltwater Disposal (SWD) well, which often have less stringent separation/filter requirements for the injected fluid, skin increment can occur quickly. Knowing your "original" wellbore condition before injection begins and then testing periodically thereafter or when you notice increasing injection pressures would be a good
Van Siclen, D. "The Houston Fault problem." Institute of Professional Geologists. Ed. 3rd Annual Meeting. Texas, 1967. p.9-31.
Riley, C.M. "Lahars." Geological and Mining Engineering Sciences. Michigan Tech. Web. 6 Feb. 2010. .
purpose we use this for is to drill wells into so that we may obtain the water that
The United States has an immense amount of proven natural gas reserves that could become a major source for the nation's energy future (1). The mining of the natural gas resources have become feasible and cheaper due to the advancement of hydraulic fracturing technologies which have increased the amount the extraction and enabled “greater access to gas in shale formations” (2). Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking of shale formations has positive benefits that includes economic growth and the natural gas extracted is cleaner than coal and oil, however it has caused serious environmental problems and possibly could be the cause of recent seismic activity in areas where fracking operations exist (3).
The conclusion of Bernoulli’s experiment? The water flowing through the narrower pipe was faster than the water flowing through the wider pipe. Also, the pressure in the narrow pipe was less than the pressure in the wider pipe. Therefore, when the water was flowing through the wider pipe, its pressure was higher, and when the water flowed through the narrower pipe, its press...
...e, wind tunnel testing should be performed to verify the design of the new bridge prior to its construction.
News: Long Valley Exploratory Well. Information Network: International Continental Scientific Drilling Program. GeoForschungsZentrum PotsdamDecember 5, 2003. <http://icdp.gfzpotsdam.de/sites/longvalley/news/news.html>
The Injection wells are also used to dispose various types of wastes and to enhance oil recovery in several cases.
To make sure it is a fair test; the procedure is repeated a couple of
Pump Placement: The typical water well makes use of a submersible pump that sits beneath the water’s service, extracting
In industry, the performance specifications for a particular pump may be known, but the tests are usually based on water as the pumping medium. For liquids of significantly higher viscosity than water, these performance curves may only be accurate at certain flow rates, or they might not be valid at all, and it might be necessary to recalibrate the specifications for higher viscosity liquids.
The federal government has taken action in requiring “each federal agency to review its dam-safety activities and to strengthen its dam safety programs” (Gunn, 2006). Dams are now required to be inspected annually, with a detailed report of the dam every three years (Gunn, 2006). Moreover, “Congress passed several acts authorizing a natural dam-safety program” which works to protect Americans from dam failure, in addition to installing more instrumentation to monitor the dam’s stability (Gunn, 2006). Sherard (1987b) proposes that having bureaucracies design dams is dangerous and should be avoided; Seed and Duncan (1987) added that it should be reviewed by an outside group of engineers to ensure that no possible design flaw has been over looked. The Teton Dam was an inadequate and unacceptably designed for this environment, and any unanticipated conditions and problems with materials, such as low quality, should be taken into account (Sherard, 1987b; Seed and Duncan, 1987). The wet seam was a new discovery and a lesson in the hydrogeologic properties that were a result of the situation created by the Teton Dam (Sherard, 1987b). An additional lesson is that filling the reservoir at the recommended speed, in controlled conditions is essential, so that it is possible to lower the
The Production Optimization division tests, measures, and provides means to manage and improve well production, immediately after a well is drilled or after it has been producing for some time (Businessweek, 2008).
There are lots of advantages in preliminary assessment like it helps in assisting project planning, early indication of any serious problem and this step clears the projects need of full EIA.
Geotechnical Engineering covers the engineering properties of soils, the fundamentals of soil mechanics, and the application of geotechnical data and fundamentals to the design of foundation elements, earth-retaining structures, excavations, earth embankments and highway pavements.