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A study case relating to ethical
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A study case relating to ethical
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Havasupai Research Ethics – Paper
Prompt: Was the Havasupai study ethical? Why or why not? What role did race, class, and historical trauma have to do with the study? What effects has this study had on AI/AN and other minority populations? Use the articles form the readings and/or other sources to support your position. (2-3 pages single spaced)
Medical research has had many blunders over the course of time. When history looks back at the previous events that occurred, the viewers question how this was even possible. The case of HeLa cells from Henrietta Lacks or the Tuskegee experiments come to mind. How were we as a society capable of allowing such events to occur? How did we justify them? To what did we measure our ethics with? The problems
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To consider something ethical, it must be relatable to what is morally good and that does not harm others. While the definition of ethics may be universal, the rules of it are not. They can vary, and because they can vary, they may be applied in a way that may be advantageous to one party and disadvantageous to another. This was done very clearly by the researchers in the Havasupai studies. Many protocols refer to physical risks of harm and do not entail psychosocial risks into their umbrella. (Drabiak-Syed, p. 205) This seems as if an IRB (referring to the ASU IRB) has a set of rules that do not govern ethics, but govern liability and constraints. The inability to address cultural and psychosocial measures or the concerted effort not to do so, shows the complete disregard for such harm. It disregards the mental anguish and possible embarrassment that the study participants may feel. These possible harms included possibly being dubbed descriptive adjectives like “crazy” or publishing beliefs that contradict culture and religion in the context of the tribe and their origins. (Drabiak-Syed, p. 217-218) The Havasupai tribe did not agree to any research outside of diabetes, and doing so without their permission while utilizing their blood is simply unethical. It robs them of consent and rips away power over their own …show more content…
(Drabiak-Syed, p. 181) This was an act of deception for personal gain. While there may have been a written contract, it failed to meet the element of acceptance on part of the Havasupai tribe. Acceptance being that the person who was offered the contract must be made aware of it, accepted it under reasonable circumstances, and has the intention to accept it. (US Legal,
....S. Public Health Service advanced medical technology, it came at a high cost. A high cost that resulted in many African-Americans dead and a breach of trust for medical professionals. In the notable experiments of Henrietta Lacks, The Tuskegee Syphilis Men, and The Pellagra Incident, medical professions in no way protected the lives of these individuals. In fact, they used the medical advances discovered as a result of the human experimentations as a shield to mask the unethical decisions. Medical professionals targeted the African-American population and used their ignorance as a means to advance medical technologies. This in no way upholds the ethics that medical professionals should display. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks vividly exhibits the how the United States Public Health Service used, abused, and ultimately destroyed the African-American community.
...nhuman experiments (Jones pg. 11) should never be tolerated. As public administrators, we should continue to keep balance within the organization so there will never be an unbalance of power that is associated with the day and age of the Tuskegee Study. Medical scientists were rarely asked to justify their methods of experimentation (Jones pg. 97), and therefore was the main reason these experiments were allowed to continue. In addition to great sales tactics, and the uninformed subjects, this experiment was bound to continue until one man began to ask, "Why?" As I see it, Mr. Peter Buxton, a venereal disease interviewer and investigator of the PHS in San Francisco, started the process of questioning the Tuskegee Study. Mr. Buxton can be accredited for starting the closing of this experiment, and Jones for bringing these lessons learned to the public's attention.
The experiment lasted more than forty years and did not garner media attention until 1972, when it was finally made public by Jean Heller of the Associated Press to an outraged nation. The fact that a medical practitioner would knowingly violate an individual’s rights makes one question their bioethical practices. What gives doctors the right to make a human being a lab rat? When both of these case studies began in the earlier half of the 20th century, African Americans were still fighting for the most
Skloot describes how, “When Southam began injecting people with HeLa cells in 1954, there was no formal research oversight in the United States.” (98) Southam’s use of HeLa cells sparked major outrage after headlines reading “PATIENTS INJECTED WITH CELLS NOT TOLD THEY WERE CANCER … SCIENTIFIC EXPERTS CONDEMN ETHICS OF CANCER INJECTION” surfaced. (99) In the end, the Medical Grievance Committee of the Board of Regents found Southam and his fellow researcher, Mandel, guilty of “fraud or deceit and unprofessional conduct in the practice of medicine.” (100) This trial lead to a major change in the policy of the NIH, making it so that proposals for research on human subjects had to be reviewed by independent review boards, ensuring that research done would meet ethical requirements. Henrietta’s cells still inspires important discussion on medical ethics -- as Debra DeBruin, director of the University of Minnesota Center for Bioethics states, “Researchers can take away an awareness of the impact that research can have on people. Rebecca Skloot does a great job of capturing different perspectives on the issues. Hearing a story like Henrietta Lacks’ takes us out of a purely scientific research perspective and
Ethics is an important proponent when considering any decision. Knowing the difference between right and wrong is something everyone should know. However, the importance of ethics gets minimized when a decision that seems wrong actually has benefits. In the efforts of improving society, often ethics is violated. Sometimes in order for society to be better off as a whole, there has to be little sacrificing of ethical practices along the way to do so.
There is very much controversy surrounding the case of the very popular Henrietta Lacks. One of the major implications on the situation that people have a problem with is the lack of consent obtained by Johns Hopkins University and the doctors involved. All though it was not common place as it is in today’s society, many feel that it was not ethical to perform medical procedures without the patient and their family being given all of the knowledge regarding the situation. The tissue sample taken by doctor Howard W. Jones was unbeknown to the family which violates the ethical respect for the person that should be held. A sample of someone’s DNA is not anything that should be taken lightly or regarded as unimportant. It should have been a decision made by Henrietta, and had she of known of the procedure she may have voted against donating to research. This lack of incorporating Henrietta and her family caused there to be a dismal amount of respect for persons shown by the University and all
In The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Rebecca Skloot writes about one women’s journey to immortality. Through the telling of Henrietta’s —the immortal women’s—story, Skloot details some of the vast changes in biomedical research at this time: The HeLa cells —the first immortal human cells— attributed to many of these movements. With these cells, scientists were, and still are, making great strides in science. Namely, chemotherapy, cloning, gene mapping, in vitro fertilization, and many treatment medications stemmed from the HeLa cell line (Skloot 21). And perhaps, most notably, scientists discovered a polio vaccine using the HeLa cells. However, aside from the growths in biomedical research, Skloot highlights the corners that many scientists cut for their research. For one thing, Henrietta was not informed about her contribution to science: Henrietta’s doctors were not required to ask for her permission. The same holds true for other doctors at this time, as well. For this reason, all doctors held a significant amount of power over their patients. In short, Skloot portrays biomedical research as a practice with the need for advancements, informed consents, and a power shifts.
society so these experiments are not seen as heinous or inhumane. This Information is all revealed in the introduction. The author tells this from a moral standpoint. The social construct determines if a particular event is seen as good or bad. Experiment back then on people were seen as okay but if they were performed on they would be extremely tabooed. The government even participated in human experiments to show how okay it was back then. In Conclusion, I am convinced that these bias among the scientific community is what caused black people to still be afraid of the doctors to this day.
Part One: Area of Philosophy The question that is posed to us falls under the philosophy branch of ethics. Chaffee defines the branch of ethics in the following manner, “the study of moral values or principles. It is concerned with distinguishing between good and evil in the world, between what is right and wrong in human actions and between virtuous and non-virtuous characteristics of people” (30). The two philosophers who I will be discussing this question and possible answers with are Ruth Benedict and Ayn Rand.
However, in this case, the medical researcher’s committed an ethical taboo by using a person’s corpse without theirs or their family’s knowledge or consent. In the article, “Henrietta Lacks and the HeLa Cell: rights of patients and Responsibilities of Medical Researchers”, written by Jessica L. Stump, the author acknowledges the collapse of individual post-mortem rights. To aid the advancements in medical research, “[her] cells have become the standard laboratory workhorse”(Stump 131) even to this day. As a result of the success of the researchers’ medical findings “the rights of her [own] family, [feel they are being] violated” (Stump 131) because they were never notified of Henrietta’s historical contribution. An Executive Director of the Presidential Commissions Lisa M. Lee, makes a harsh but valid comment in saying that “[t]he benefits of research have to outweigh the risks to the individuals involved” (Stump 131). Without the cures HeLa cells have done as a result of the denial of her individual post mortem rights, we could have faced countless more deaths to date, including the possibility of losing our loved
Shafer-Landau, R. (2013) Ethical Theory: An Anthology (Second Edition). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The world of anthropology is tightly woven into research of humans and their cultures. One of the most important principles of the Code of Ethics of the American Anthropological Association (AAA) is found in Part III, Section A, Number 1: “Anthropological researchers have primary ethical obligations to the people, species, and materials they study and to the people with whom they work.” (American Anthropological Association, 2009) This main principle helps to guide social scientists through a maze of ethical dilemmas such as if and how the research itself may harm or otherwise impact those with whom they are studying. While the purpose of the research may be to gain knowledge of the plight of a certain individual or group of individuals, by the extension of the sharing of this knowledge the person or persons being studied may draw unwanted attention. By utilizing the Code of Ethics, the framework has been established so that the researcher is guided “to consult actively with...
In psychology, ethics are important because they set boundaries and control the way psychology is used by a set of laws. Ethic codes mainly protect clients from misuse of psychology. Ethics are important because they refrain the psychologist from lying to a patient. They also give protection to the public, clients, and psychologist. Overall, ethics are used to protect the psychologist and client from harm, as well as give control to the behavior in order to ensure safe and effective treatment. http://www.efpa.be/ethics.htm
The term “ethics” discusses how one’s morality needs to take acknowledge that of the rest of the members of the group or community t...
It analyzes similarities and differences in various cultures and societies. Culture is learned and affects our perception of the world throughout our life. Overtime, a sense of cultural superiority is formed amongst individuals who are constantly exposed to their own culture. Anthropology can help eliminate culturally based biases, also known as ethnocentrism. It is a common practice we all in engage in when evaluating other cultures, however, by practicing anthropology this allows us to learn about other cultures by placing themselves into the cultural environment allows us to learn the traditions and customs by experience. Marjorie Shostak`s study of the !Kung people revealed that they organized themselves differently than Western cultures, which included solving conflicts with discussion, communal behavior, and basic living traditions. Moreover, by interviewing and living in this cultural environment, Shostak was able to empathize with the !Kung people and she also considered that all humans share an emotional life, which is important when studying the history of our human