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Voice Recognition Systems
At the beginning of the Twenty-First century we are experiencing an informational revolution. The whole business world is changing as a result of new technology, including new ways of entering data into computer systems. Gone are the days of spending long hours in front of a computer typing word processing documents and emails or punching numbers into a phone. Voice recognitions systems are at the forefront of data-entry technology. Through voice recognition systems and voice interfaces, users can input data into a computer, retrieve data from a computer, and direct the processing of computers simply by speaking a few simple commands. The systems then use speech synthesis, or the computerized deconstruction of words based on common language patterns, to encode and decode the instructions before routing them to the computers. Telephony systems are one type of voice recognition system that incorporate the telephone as some part of the system (voicewizard.com). The dawn of the voice recognition systems era promises to make life easier for users in the future.
Evolution of Voice Recognition Systems
The field of voice recognition systems began with the development of speech synthesis. The first product on the market that used speech synthesis to “talk” to the user was the Speak & Spell, which was introduced in 1978. It was the first device to use a digital signal processor (DSP), a specialized integrated circuit that executes algorithms in real time. The DSP enabled the duplication of human speech by using linear predictive coding to formulate a mathematical model of a human vocal tract. The model could predict a speech sample based on previous input (Goff).
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One particular ethnic group that suffered severe discrimination was the Chinese people. They first came to America for several reasons. One of them was the gold rush in California in 1849, in which they were included in a group of immigrants called the “Forty-Niners” (179). From gold mining, they switched to other jobs with resulted in the rise of anti-Chinese sentiments. People felt that Chinese people were taking the jobs away from them, because Chinese people worked for much smaller salaries that businesses preferred. This mindset gave way to the creation of The Chinese Exclusion Act passed in 1882, which prohibits more Chinese immigrants from coming to America. In addition, the act states “no State or court of the United States shall admit Chinese to citizenship”. Like the Naturalization Act, the Chinese Exclusion Act was created to hinder Chinese people from becoming citizens so that America could remain homogenously white (186). It also aimed to stop Chinese people from establishing a bigger community in the country in hopes of eliminating the threat of competition to their white counterparts (186). Like African-Americans, Chinese people were considered racially inferior and have struggled to prove that they were worthy to be called true Americans, rather than
According to Lee, Erika, and Reason (2016), “The Chinese Exclusion Act ...barred Chinese laborers for a period of 10 years and allowed entry only to certain exempt classes (students, teachers, travelers, merchants, and diplomats” (p. 4). The Chinese immigrants were excluded from certain rules and laws like Blacks and other minority groups. Also, they were not permitted to request citizenship or settle in the United States. For decades, the Chinese laborers did not have legal rights to enter into the United States until the decision was overturned. Lee, Erika, and Reason noted, “Chinese activist turned their attention to opening up additional immigration categories within the confines of the restrictions…some 300,000 Chinese were admitted into the United States as returning residents and citizens” (p. 4). The activists fought for the rights of the Chinese people to overturn the decision for leaving and entering as pleased to the United
This discrimination initially began with the Naturalization Act of 1790, allowing free white-men of “good character” naturalization while excluding Native Americans, indentured servants, free Blacks, and Asians. In addition to extreme acts, the Chinese Exclusion Act, signed in 1882, had prohibited the Chinese from entering our country. Another example of the racism Asian-Americans faced occurred during World War II due to the war’s propaganda and the slurs that came about as a result of the war. The historical background of Asian-Americans and racism not only left scarring tendencies, but managed to transcend into modern society within a lower degree.
The Chinese Exclusion Act allowed only Chinese immigrants that were merchants, diplomats, students, and very few others. The Chinese were discriminated in reaction to the large amounts of Chinese immigrants entering the United States. Americans feared
This report investigates four of the leading voice recognition applications to determine whether this technology has become a practical option and to determine which application is the best choice. And so that this report and further study of the software can be better understood, an introduction to the subject of voice recognition software follows. Introduction to Voice Recognition Technology Several different voice recognition products currently exist in the marketplace, and viable choices are greater in number than they were only a few years ago.
In today’s world, you can easily recognize a Chinese man or woman while crossing a street in a busy town in the United States. The influx of Chinese immigrants nowadays has been straightforward acknowledged since many corporations established by Chinese men. This, however, was not a common scene you would see back in the late 1800s. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion passed by the government had restricted free-immigrants to the US and emphatically prohibited Chinese immigrants. The question has been given: “Why did Chinese receive so many negative comments and critiques from Americans, particularly the nativists, that strong enough to force them to flee out of the US? What happened? Did they deserve to be treated poorly and non-defensively?”.
Millions of immigrants over the previous centuries have shaped the United States of America into what it is today. America is known as a “melting pot”, a multicultural country that welcomes and is home to an array of every ethnic and cultural background imaginable. We are a place of opportunity, offering homes and jobs and new economic gains to anyone who should want it. However, America was not always such a “come one, come all” kind of country. The large numbers of immigrants that came during the nineteenth century angered many of the American natives and lead to them to blame the lack of jobs and low wages on the immigrants, especially the Asian communities. This resentment lead to the discrimination and legal exclusion of immigrants, with the first and most important law passed being the Chinese Exclusion Act. However, the discrimination the Chinese immigrants so harshly received was not rightly justified or deserved. With all of their contributions and accomplishments in opening up the West, they were not so much harming our country but rather helping it.
Factors such as Chinese workers being chosen to work over other nationalities and some achieving success eventually pose a threat to other working men in America, which contributed to the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 and its extension in 1892. In 1865, business men recruited Chinese workers for the reason that they were good at what they did. Lee Chew stated “if you look at men working on the street you will find a supervisor for every four or five of them…they work as well as when left to themselves as they do when some one is looking at them.” This showed that Chinese workers worked smart, honest, and hard for a living, so most chose to hire them instead of other nationalities which was the rise of problems with immigrants.
Delgado, R & Kobayashi, T 2011. Proceedings of the Paralinguistic Information and its Integration in Spoken Dialogue Systems Workshop. 1st ed. Springer.
Teenage sexting is a growing epidemic amongst girls in today’s society. Sexting is sending any sexually explicit photos, videos, or messages via cell phone. According to internetsafety101.org, “20% of teens have sent or posted nude or seminude photographs or videos of themselves and 49% of teens believe sending and receiving sexts is very common at their age.” Teenage girls’ low self-esteem, peer pressure, and media’s promotion of hyper-sexuality are the causes of teenage sexting that lead to guilt, bullying, and in most extreme cases criminal charges.
Sexting can be referred to as sexual content communicated through text messages, smart phones, or visual and web 2.0 activities such as social networking sites. It has been defined as the ‘exchange of sexual messages or images’ (Livingstone et al., 2011) and ‘the creating, sharing and forwarding of sexually suggestive nude or nearly nude images’ (Lenhart, 2009) through mobile phones and/or the internet. There are many factors associated with sexting. This includes that fact that it is coercive, this means that sexting does not refer to a single activity but rather to a range of activities which may be motivated by sexual pleasure but are often linked to harassment, bullying and even violence. (Ringrose, Gill, Livingstone and Harvey, 2012, pp 7).
Imagine asking your computer to do something in the same way you would ask a friend to do it. Without having to memorize special commands that only it could understand. For computer scientists this has been an ambitious goal; that can further simplify computers. Artificial Intelligence, a system that can mimic human intelligence by performing task that usually only a human can do, usually has to use a form of natural language processing. Natural language processing, a sub-field of computer science and artificial intelligence, concerns the successfully interaction between a computer and a human. Currently one of the best examples of A.I.(Artificial Intelligence) is IBM 's Watson. A machine that gained popularity after appearing on the show
Despite the short amount of time since the introduction of the smartphone, the rapid development of the software and technology has had a tremendous effect on the everyday life of society today. The concept of communicating through a telephone was developed in the 1870s. Devices to transmit speech electrically were designed by Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell, but Bell's design was patented first. On March 10, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell achieved one of his greatest successes in the making of the telephone. This brought upon a major change in communication and gave leeway to the improvement of the telephone in the days to come (Bellis, 2013b).
Jurafsky, D. & Martin, J. H. (2009), Speech and Language Processing: International Version: an Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition, 2nd ed, Pearson Education Inc, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Making a telephone call no longer should conjure up visions of operators connecting cables by hand or even of electrical signals causing relays to click into place and effect connections during dialing. The telephone system now is just a multilevel computer network with software switches in the network nodes to route calls get through much more quickly and reliably than they did in the past. A disadvantage is the potential for dramatic and widespread failures; for as has happened.