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Objections to utilitarianism
Objections to utilitarianism
Aristotle's classical ideas
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Throughout the centuries, humanity has devised theories concerning ethics. Namely, these theories evaluate how one perceives what is morally correct and incorrect. Furthermore, upon seeing the downfalls of relativism, I have concluded that morality is objective. Moreover, although Virtue Ethics, Natural Law Ethics, Utilitarianism, Duty Ethics, have noteworthy ideas, the modified Divine Command Theory, also known as the Divine Nature Theory, is the most logically sufficient theory. Instead of relying upon an exhaustive list of what, known as a list metaethic, the renown philosopher, Aristotle, determined that to live morally is to be virtuous, and to be virtuous, one must follow a balanced principle. Aristotle called this balanced principle …show more content…
For instance, Matthew 12:34-25 recorded, ““...out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. A good man out of the good treasure of the heart bringeth forth good things: and an evil man out of the evil treasure bringeth forth evil things.” Unfortunately, Aristotle’s theory, Virtue Ethics, fails because one may have difficulties to find a balance between two characteristics. However, if one sees Jesus Christ as the example of a balanced, virtuous, person, Virtue Ethics seems increasingly promising, though it still fails to explain why living in balanced is moral. Paul wrote in Romans 2:14-15 that nature reveals the God’s law. Similarly, Natural Law Ethics argues that nature reveals morality. However, Natural Law Ethics fails because it is incomplete in satisfying ethical questions such as how a depraved human could rationalize the morality of nature. As aforementioned, Jesus Christ is a wondrous example to follow. Individuals may say that He acted in a Utilitarian fashion since, for instance, He died for others, without any apparent regard for Himself. Therefore, Utilitarianism seems formidable. However, Utilitarianism has
The Divine Command Theory and Relativism make strong claims on the source of morality. Robert C. Mortimer describes in Morality Is Based on God’s Commands that morality itself is derived from the act of God deeming things as either right or wrong. The following claim “If God does not exist, then everything is permitted,” is believable when following Divine Command Theory as compared to other theistic views. I shall display two theist claims which respectively accept and reject the previous statement, as well as arguing the the plausibility of each claim.
Virtue ethics is a moral theory that was first developed by Aristotle. It suggests that humans are able to train their characters to acquire and exhibit particular virtues. As the individual has trained themselves to develop these virtues, in any given situation they are able to know the right thing to do. If everybody in society is able to do the same and develop these virtues, then a perfect community has been reached. In this essay, I shall argue that Aristotelian virtue ethics is an unsuccessful moral theory. Firstly, I shall analyse Aristotelian virtue ethics. I shall then consider various objections to Aristotle’s theory and evaluate his position by examining possible responses to these criticisms. I shall then conclude, showing why Aristotelian virtue ethics is an unpractical and thus an unsuccessful moral theory in reality.
The divine command theory is an ethical theory relating to God and how his commandments should guide the morality of humankind. Objections to this theory include objections to the nature or existence of God or to the nature of his character or commands. For the purposes of this paper, I will present the divine command theory, introduce a serious objection evident in Genesis 22, propose and explain an alternative to the divine command theory that is the divine will theory, explain why this theory avoids the objection, and critique and respond from the perspective of a divine will theorist.
Cicero masterfully conveys the reasoning that what is just is also useful; what is honorable is also just; thus, what is honorable is also useful. Su...
Divine Command Theory is a religious approach to morality. The basis of this theory is that God is the lawmaker and as devout free agents, we choose to follow His commands. Morality is determined by the commandments of God. Morally right is considered as that which is commanded by God and morally wrong is that which is forbidden by God (Rachels, p.50). God does not compel us to obey His commands and therefore this theory contains some attractive features.
Divine Command Theory is the ethical theory that presents the argument that decisions of what is right and wrong comes from the will of God. It states that actions commanded by God are moral or right, and actions condemned by God are immoral or wrong. It also explains that in order to be a moral individual you must follow and obey the commands of God. The argument in Plato’s Euthyphro is presented in the form of the question, “Is something good or moral because God commands it to be, or does God command something because it is good or moral?”.
The framework of ethic’s that has the best theoretical approach is divine command theory because of its attempt to obligate certain commands depending on the higher power’s moral status of the action. The ethic divine command theory obligates moral standards of individuals depending on the god’s commanding moral status that effects the actions of individuals. Also, an action might be theoretically righteous to an individual because of the moral status of the command of a higher power, while being morally frowned upon by another individual because of the belief of the command of a different god. Furthermore, divine command theory attempts to obligate the obedience of the command of a higher power in order for an individual
In order to understand divine command theory we must first understand the nature of God and Morality. So we will start by taking a look at what makes an action moral. Once we understand what makes an action moral, we can then try to understand the author's’ viewpoint on the divine command theory of ethics. Understanding the viewpoint will allow us to dissect the author’s viewpoints and come up with counter-arguments that the author must then contend with.
Ethics can be defined as "the conscious reflection on our moral beliefs with the aim of improving, extending or refining those beliefs in some way." (Dodds, Lecture 2) Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism are two theories that attempt to answer the ethical nature of human beings. This paper will attempt to explain how and why Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism differ as well as discuss why I believe Kant's theory provides a more plausible account of ethics.
The argument from objectivity of morality also advocates the Divine Command Theory. It states that moral standards are objective, separate from all culture’s judgment. It also states that they’re universal. Thus, morality can only be objective and universal if it depends on the commands of God. In response, morality is solely dependent on God’s commands.
David Hume and Immanuel Kant each made a significant break from other theorists in putting forward a morality that doesn’t require a higher being or god, for a man to recognize his moral duty. Although Hume and Kant shared some basic principals they differed on their view of morality. In comparing the different views on human will and the maxims established to determine moral worth by David Hume and Immanuel Kant, I find their theories on morality have some merit although limited in view.
The principals of ethics provides society with the moral basis for decisions making and it changes throughout history as it reflects the knowledge and beliefs of the world at one particular time (Begley, 2009). Today, a new branch of moral philosophy has been developed with a more predominant regarded and value for science, fact and reasoning, placing more emphasis on evidence based practice in modern society (Begley, 2009). This moral philosophy is based on principals of logic and reason, a dramatic contrast to past philosophies, which were influenced deeply by spiritual and religious models. This new branch of philosophy is known as secular ethics. Secular ethics was established through the influences of both science and philosophy (Begley,
Virtue Ethics Virtue ethics is a theory used to make moral decisions. It does not rely on religion, society or culture; it only depends on the individuals themselves. The main philosopher of Virtue Ethics is Aristotle. The. His theory was originally introduced in ancient Greek.
Ethics, by definition are the moral principles that govern a person’s behavior. Implementing ethics is essential in any given society. This paper will introduce the purpose of ethics as well as the values that are shared throughout American society, Subjective Relativism and the threats that are posed from this, and Utilitarianism as a way of life.
Ethics is a system of moral principles and a branch of philosophy which defines what is acceptable for both individuals and society. It is a philosophy that covers a whole range of things that have an importance in everyday situations. Ethics are vital in everyones lives, it includes human values, and how to have a good life, our rights and responsibilities, moral decisions what is right and wrong, good and bad. Moral principles affect how people make decisions and lead their lives (BBC, 2013). There are many different beliefs about were ethics come from. These consist of; God and Religion, human conscience, the example of good human beings and a huge desire for the best for people in each unique situation, and political power (BBC, 2013).