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Objections to utilitarianism
Objections to utilitarianism
Aristotle's classical ideas
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Throughout the centuries, humanity has devised theories concerning ethics. Namely, these theories evaluate how one perceives what is morally correct and incorrect. Furthermore, upon seeing the downfalls of relativism, I have concluded that morality is objective. Moreover, although Virtue Ethics, Natural Law Ethics, Utilitarianism, Duty Ethics, have noteworthy ideas, the modified Divine Command Theory, also known as the Divine Nature Theory, is the most logically sufficient theory. Instead of relying upon an exhaustive list of what, known as a list metaethic, the renown philosopher, Aristotle, determined that to live morally is to be virtuous, and to be virtuous, one must follow a balanced principle. Aristotle called this balanced principle …show more content…
For instance, Matthew 12:34-25 recorded, ““...out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. A good man out of the good treasure of the heart bringeth forth good things: and an evil man out of the evil treasure bringeth forth evil things.” Unfortunately, Aristotle’s theory, Virtue Ethics, fails because one may have difficulties to find a balance between two characteristics. However, if one sees Jesus Christ as the example of a balanced, virtuous, person, Virtue Ethics seems increasingly promising, though it still fails to explain why living in balanced is moral. Paul wrote in Romans 2:14-15 that nature reveals the God’s law. Similarly, Natural Law Ethics argues that nature reveals morality. However, Natural Law Ethics fails because it is incomplete in satisfying ethical questions such as how a depraved human could rationalize the morality of nature. As aforementioned, Jesus Christ is a wondrous example to follow. Individuals may say that He acted in a Utilitarian fashion since, for instance, He died for others, without any apparent regard for Himself. Therefore, Utilitarianism seems formidable. However, Utilitarianism has
A disturbing thought about man’s ethical barometer is that most of the theories, categories and principles emanate from the point of man’s reason. There is a cause to shudder at the thought of man as the absolute authority of what is right and wrong; what is ethical and what is not. Born into a sinful nature, man will ultimately make decisions that will lead to a moral philosophy that is shaky at best. Even philosophers with the best of intentions fall short to God’s model for the order, organization, and meting out of ethical actions. Because of man’s finite vision of what should be done to improve the present situation, mankind will always be found lacking in making the best ethical decisions; not being able to see the long term outcome and the impact those decisions and actions would have on others in the world.
When we discuss morality we know that it is a code of values that seem to guide our choices and actions. Choices and actions play a significant role in determining the purpose and course of a person’s life. In the case of “Jim and the Indians”, Jim faces a terrible dilemma to which any solution is morbid. On one hand, Jim can choose to ignore the captain’s suggestion and let the whole group of Indians be executed. Alternatively, he may decide upon sacrificing one Indian for the sake of saving the rest. Both options involve taking of person’s life. Regarding what should Jim do in this circumstance, there are two approaches according for Jim’s dilemma that should be examined. By looking into the Deontological moral theory and the moral theory of Consequentialism we can see what determines an action that is morally required.
The divine command theory is an ethical theory relating to God and how his commandments should guide the morality of humankind. Objections to this theory include objections to the nature or existence of God or to the nature of his character or commands. For the purposes of this paper, I will present the divine command theory, introduce a serious objection evident in Genesis 22, propose and explain an alternative to the divine command theory that is the divine will theory, explain why this theory avoids the objection, and critique and respond from the perspective of a divine will theorist.
Indeed, such a philosophical paradigm would seem to set the foundation upon which virtuous society may rest. In the end, Cicero makes three things clear in his case for virtuous living. First, sound reasoning is the foundation for understanding what a virtuous obligation entails. Second, that to conduct oneself in a virtuous manner, when acting on an obligation, is to live virtuously. And third, acting in accord with virtue, through trust towards others, is the first step in the creation of a society that acts virtuously.
In conclusion, this paper has discussed two main theories regarding the ethical behavior of human beings. Kantianism is a theory based on duties, maxims, willing and the categorical imperative. Also, it focuses on the motivation of actions, has clear and distinct set of universal rules, and is morally logical. On the other hand, Utilitarianism is based on the concept that we ought to do whatever produces the greatest overall utility and this will be the morally right action. Furthermore, it relies on the consequences of an action, has no set universal laws as each action is assessed on an individual basis, and morality is based on the results of the assessment.
Ethics can be defined as "the conscious reflection on our moral beliefs with the aim of improving, extending or refining those beliefs in some way." (Dodds, Lecture 2) Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism are two theories that attempt to answer the ethical nature of human beings. This paper will attempt to explain how and why Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism differ as well as discuss why I believe Kant's theory provides a more plausible account of ethics.
Divine Command Theory is a religious approach to morality. The basis of this theory is that God is the lawmaker and as devout free agents, we choose to follow His commands. Morality is determined by the commandments of God. Morally right is considered as that which is commanded by God and morally wrong is that which is forbidden by God (Rachels, p.50). God does not compel us to obey His commands and therefore this theory contains some attractive features.
The framework of ethic’s that has the best theoretical approach is divine command theory because of its attempt to obligate certain commands depending on the higher power’s moral status of the action. The ethic divine command theory obligates moral standards of individuals depending on the god’s commanding moral status that effects the actions of individuals. Also, an action might be theoretically righteous to an individual because of the moral status of the command of a higher power, while being morally frowned upon by another individual because of the belief of the command of a different god. Furthermore, divine command theory attempts to obligate the obedience of the command of a higher power in order for an individual
In order to understand divine command theory we must first understand the nature of God and Morality. So we will start by taking a look at what makes an action moral. Once we understand what makes an action moral, we can then try to understand the author's’ viewpoint on the divine command theory of ethics. Understanding the viewpoint will allow us to dissect the author’s viewpoints and come up with counter-arguments that the author must then contend with.
Divine Command Theory is the ethical theory that presents the argument that decisions of what is right and wrong comes from the will of God. It states that actions commanded by God are moral or right, and actions condemned by God are immoral or wrong. It also explains that in order to be a moral individual you must follow and obey the commands of God. The argument in Plato’s Euthyphro is presented in the form of the question, “Is something good or moral because God commands it to be, or does God command something because it is good or moral?”.
Virtue Ethics Virtue ethics is a theory used to make moral decisions. It does not rely on religion, society or culture; it only depends on the individuals themselves. The main philosopher of Virtue Ethics is Aristotle. The. His theory was originally introduced in ancient Greek.
The argument from objectivity of morality also advocates the Divine Command Theory. It states that moral standards are objective, separate from all culture’s judgment. It also states that they’re universal. Thus, morality can only be objective and universal if it depends on the commands of God. In response, morality is solely dependent on God’s commands.
The principals of ethics provides society with the moral basis for decisions making and it changes throughout history as it reflects the knowledge and beliefs of the world at one particular time (Begley, 2009). Today, a new branch of moral philosophy has been developed with a more predominant regarded and value for science, fact and reasoning, placing more emphasis on evidence based practice in modern society (Begley, 2009). This moral philosophy is based on principals of logic and reason, a dramatic contrast to past philosophies, which were influenced deeply by spiritual and religious models. This new branch of philosophy is known as secular ethics. Secular ethics was established through the influences of both science and philosophy (Begley,
Ethics is a system of moral principles and a branch of philosophy which defines what is acceptable for both individuals and society. It is a philosophy that covers a whole range of things that have an importance in everyday situations. Ethics are vital in everyones lives, it includes human values, and how to have a good life, our rights and responsibilities, moral decisions what is right and wrong, good and bad. Moral principles affect how people make decisions and lead their lives (BBC, 2013). There are many different beliefs about were ethics come from. These consist of; God and Religion, human conscience, the example of good human beings and a huge desire for the best for people in each unique situation, and political power (BBC, 2013).
Ethics, by definition are the moral principles that govern a person’s behavior. Implementing ethics is essential in any given society. This paper will introduce the purpose of ethics as well as the values that are shared throughout American society, Subjective Relativism and the threats that are posed from this, and Utilitarianism as a way of life.