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Morality and its effects
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The two concepts of Morality and Immorality can be discussed in many different ways, although Glaucon, brother to Plato and Adeimantus, and apprentice to Socrates takes a unique approach to showing the implications of both notions. Glaucon does this through his three-step argument that challenges Socrates by evaluating the benefits of being an immoral person versus one holding onto their morality. Glaucon’s argument dives into three separate segments, which in result leads to Glaucon’s conclusion that immorality is more beneficial than morality. Glaucon’s first argument confronts one of the reasons people do act justly, however it is not for the greatest of motives. Glaucon lays out the positions you can be in society and weighs the advantages to the disadvantages, and …show more content…
Glaucon makes the point that people, by nature, are always trying to better their place in society and reach superiority. Even the most moral person in the world would do unjust things if that person felt they could never be caught. People do not believe that morality is good for one personally; therefore whenever the opportunity appears, people will choose to act immorally because they feel it advances them from their current state. One does not strive for true morality, however attempts to be perceived as a moral person, to gain status in society, by really acting in an unjust way. This goes to show that people truly see morality not as an intrinsic good, but rather as an instrumental good, used to acquire more material goods and resources. People view the choice to act morally as a nuisance, not because that is their first choice of action. People will choose the action that benefits them over not receiving any benefit, however, unless that person feels they can be caught or have to suffer injustice in the future, consequently would put them in a worse situation in the long
Glaucon presents an argument against justice in order to pressure Socrates to give a more convincing argument for living a just life. He was unsatisfied with Plato’s counterargument against Thrasymachus. Glaucon wants to believe that justice is good and that living a just life will result in a good life, unlike the Fool in the Leviathan. However, Glaucon strengthening the argument that the unjust life is better. Glaucon starts his argument with the three ways in which something can be good: good in itself, good in itself and good for its consequences, and bad or indifferent in itself but good for its consequences. After presenting these three types of good things, Glaucon asks Socrates to place justice into one of the three categories. Socrates’s responds by saying the he would define justice as the kind of good that we like both for its own sake and for its consequences. Glaucon then requests that Socrates present a convincing argument that justice is good for its own sake, regardless of its consequences. He essentially wants to hear a compelling argument that shows justice as a kind of good that is good for its own sake. Glaucon eventually developed a case that supports the unjust life. He argues that anyone, just or unjust, would commit acts of injustice if they could get away with it and not suffer any consequences. To support his claim, he
17, No. 3, p. 252-259. Urmson, J.O., (1988). Aristotle’s Ethics (Blackwell), ch.1. Wilkes, K.V., (1978). The Good Man and the Good for Man in Aristotle’s Ethics. Mind 87; repr.
Plato’s Republic focuses on one particular question: is it better to be just or unjust? Thrasymachus introduces this question in book I by suggesting that justice is established as an advantage to the stronger, who may act unjustly, so that the weak will “act justly” by serving in their interests. Therefore, he claims that justice is “stronger, freer, and more masterly than justice” (Plato, Republic 344c). Plato begins to argue that injustice is never more profitable to a person than justice and Thrasymachus withdraws from the argument, granting Plato’s response. Glaucon, however, is not satisfied and proposes a challenge to Plato to prove that justice is intrinsically valuable and that living a just life is always superior. This paper will explain Glaucon’s challenge to Plato regarding the value of justice, followed by Plato’s response in which he argues that his theory of justice, explained by three parts of the soul, proves the intrinsic value of justice and that a just life is preeminent. Finally, it will be shown that Plato’s response succeeds in answering Glaucon’s challenge.
In Plato’s Republic, Glaucon is introduced to the reader as a man who loves honor, sex, and luxury. As The Republic progresses through books and Socrates’ arguments of how and why these flaws make the soul unhappy began to piece together, Glaucon relates some of these cases to his own life, and begins to see how Socrates’ line of reasoning makes more sense than his own. Once Glaucon comes to this realization, he embarks on a path of change on his outlook of what happiness is, and this change is evidenced by the way he responds during he and Socrates’ discourse.
Contrary to this widely accepted myth, I will try to demonstrate that Socrates' argument was erroneous, which made his decision less rational. In fact, had he decided to escape, his behavior would not have represented an unjust act. Although his argumentation and dialogue with Crito seem more like a moral sermon, his ...
First, according to Glaucon’s belief, why do most people act reasonable? Glaucon states that “If you look at what people really are, then you will see that they believe to do wrong is desirable and to suffer wrong is undesirable” (Glaucon 78). In detail, we do not want to suffer the wrong, but we bargain with others and make a simple compact (in other words a social contract) to not harm each other. For instance, people can learn the wrong things and it could be part of their culture. Maybe stealing something can be something grateful at
Currently, there are many discussions regarding society’s views on how a “good” person should act. For example, in one society going to war may be viewed as a patriotic act, while in another society it may be viewed negatively because it can be seen as an act promoting violence. Furthermore, there are flaws in always conforming to society’s standards because it takes away one’s individuality. These topics are raised in the “Unknown Citizen” which is a poem by W.H. Auden that describes a man who is viewed by society as a perfect person and also in “Do Not Go Gently” by Dylan Thomas where he urges society to not accept death and fight it. As a result, there are actions that society declares as being righteous, but it is also important that people follow their own intuition because that way they become their own person.
Out of the confrontation with Cephalus, Polemarchus, and Thrasymachus, Socrates emerges as a reflective individual searching for the rational foundation of morality and human excellence. The views presented by the three men are invalid and limited as they present a biased understanding of justice and require a re-examination of the terminology. The nature in which the faulty arguments are presented, leave the reader longing to search for the rational foundations of morality and human virtue.
Glaucon argues that if Gyge’s magic ring were given to a just person and an unjust person, then they both would act unjustly. Glaucon also suggests that as humans, we are born with desires and if opportunity presents itself for us to carry out those desires without getting caught or our reputation being tarnished, we would carry out all our desires. As humans, we do things naturally and they are part of our “human nature,” naturally humans carry out a reputation- an image we want to present to the public. Not only do we have reputations to carry out, we also have expectations to fulfill and are afraid of getting caught. And therefore, we live our life as if we were on surveillance cameras. For example, cheating is considered a horrendous act with many consequences, such as expulsion or receiving a zero on your exam.
The three men discuss justice as if it's a good thing. Glaucon wants Socrates to prove that it is, and argues if it is just to do wrong in order to have justice, or on the other hand, is it unjust to never do wrong and therefore have no justice. For example; a man who lies, cheats and steals yet is a respected member of the community would be living a just life, in comparison to a man who never lied, cheated, nor stole anything but lives in poverty and is living an unjust life. Glaucon assumes the life of a just man is better than the life of an unjust man.
Glaucon attempted to prove that injustice is preferable to justice. At first, Glacon agreed with Socrates that justice is a good thing, but implored on the nature of its goodness? He listed three types of “good”; that which is good for its own sake (such as playing games), that which is good is good in itself and has useful consequences (such as reading), and that which is painful but has good consequences (such as surgery). Socrates replied that justice "belongs in the fairest class, that which a man who is to be happy must love both for its own sake and for the results." (45d) Glaucon then reaffirmed Thrasymachus’s position that unjust people lead a better life than just people. He started that being just is simply a formality for maintaining a good reputation and for achieving one’s goals. He claimed that the only reason why a person would choose to be unjust rather than just due to the fear of punishment. This is supported by the story of the shepherd who became corrupted as a result of finding a ring which made him invisible. He took over the kingdom through murder and intrigue since he knew there could be no repercussions for his unjust actions. In addition, Adiamantus stated that unjust people did not need to fear divine punishment since appeals could be made to Gods’ egos via sacrifices. Finally, Glaucon gave an example of the extreme unjust person who has accumulated great wealth and power which he juxtaposed with an extreme moral man who is being punished unjustly for his crimes. Clearly, injustice is preferable to justice since it provides for a more fruitful life.
Glaucon supports this statement by coming up with a scenario in which we look upon the lives of an unjust man and a just man after giving them the license to do whatever the men want to do. He claims that the unjust man would continue to go about being unjust while the just
Glaucon then attempts to improve Thrasymachus’ argument by stating what justice is thought to be, that people who practice justice do not do it voluntarily, and why people act this way (Plato and Reeve 303). Glaucon demonstrates this by telling the story of Gyges ring; a
Since the beginning of time, the concepts of good and evil have existed and human beings have struggled to find the balance between them. Evil is an abstracted word but can best be defined as something that contradicts morality. However, morals and the concept of what is right differs throughout time periods, societies, and individuals. According to Machiavelli, deception and immorality are justified in situations where the positives of the final outcome outweigh the negative acts that lead to it. In contrast, Socrates was a proprietor of justice and serenity in a society. Nevertheless, both Machiavelli and Socrates strove to please the public. While their ethics would vary, Machiavelli and Socrates would agree that it can be prudent
Spoken by many people ¨not everything is black and white¨. We can live up to high standards, but everyone makes mistakes every once in awhile. As stated in Merriam Webster to be unethical is morally wrong and uncomforting. Also exclaimed in Merriam Webster to be immoral is to conflict with generally and traditionally help moral principles. It is at times acceptable to be immoral or unethical because it allows us to learn and grow through challenges, no one is perfect, and there are frequently consequences for your actions.