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Primary and secondary prevention of tuberculosis
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A1. Description of Disease
Tuberculosis is an infection caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, an acid-fast Gram-positive bacillus, and “is characterized by progressive necrosis of the lung tissue” (Tamaro & Lewis, 2005). Tuberculosis is caused by many debilitating conditions like immunosuppression and chronic lung disease, among others. Nevertheless, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), remains the leading cause of tuberculosis worldwide. Tuberculosis can present in one of two types: active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis. Prompt treatment prevents latent tuberculosis from evolving into active tuberculosis. (“Basic TB Facts,” 2012).
Clinical signs and symptoms that are associated with tuberculosis include low-grade fever, malaise, night sweats, and anorexia. More severe signs and symptoms may include chest pain, productive cough, and blood-tinged secretions. However, patients who have latent tuberculosis may remain asymptomatic (Tamaro & Lewis, 2005).
Laboratory tests used to detect tuberculosis include chest x-ray, acid-fast bacilli smear and culture, and skin test known as Mantoux test. These laboratory findings will allow the clinician to recognize the stage of the disease and provide the appropriate measures that must be applied to the patient (Tamaro & Lewis, 2005).
Any patient admitted with a diagnosis of tuberculosis is treated with antimycobacterial medications, such as isoniazid (INH), Pyrazinamide (PZA), and Rifampin (Rifadin), to prevent complications and lead the patient into recovery. The duration of treatment for tuberculosis can be as short as 6 months; however, treatment can be as long as 9 months (“Treatments,” 2011).
A2. Epidemiological Det...
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...y tuberculosis. Diseases Of The Human Body (4th ed., ). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co.
TB Professionals Reporting Requirements. (n.d.). Florida Department of Health. Retrieved July 11, 2014, from http://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/tuberculosis/tb-professionals/tb-report-require.html
Treatment. (2011, December 9). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved July 10, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/treatment/default.htm?mobile=nocontent
Tuberculosis Control Section 2012 Annual Progress Report. (2013). Florida Department of Health. Retrieved July 11, 2014, from http://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/tuberculosis/tb-statistics/_documents/tb-ar-2012.pdf
Tuberculosis Facts. (2012, June 6). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved July 10, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factseries/prevention_eng.htm
Heymann, D. (2004). Control of Communicable Diseases Manual.18th edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has presented many problems in our society, including an increased chance of fatality due to infections that could have otherwise been treated with success. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, but overexposure to these drugs give the bacteria more opportunities to mutate, forming resistant strains. Through natural selection, those few mutated bacteria are able to survive treatments of antibiotics and then pass on their genes to other bacterial cells through lateral gene transfer (Zhaxybayeva, 2011). Once resistance builds in one patient, it is possible for the strain to be transmitted to others through improper hygiene and failure to isolate patients in hospitals.
The vulnerable populations studied are immigrants primarily Hispanic and Latinos with tuberculosis. The goal is to teach immigrants on how to prevent the spreading of TB and how to prevent the disease.
Tuberculosis or TB is an airborn infection caused by inhaled droplets that contain mycobacterium tuberculosis. When infected, the body will initiate a cell-mediated hypersensitivity response which leads to formation of lesion or cavity and positive reaction to tuberculin skin test (Kaufman, 2011). People who have been infected with mycobacteria will have a positive skin test, but only ones who have active TB will show signs and symtoms. Basic signs and symptoms include low grade fever, cough with hemoptysis, and tachypnea. They may also show pleuristic chest pain, dyspnea, progressive weight loss, fatigue and malaise (Porth, 2011).
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Pink Book "Tetanus" N.p.: n.p., n.d. Http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/tetanus.pdf. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web.
Tuberculosis or TB, referred to by some as the White death due to the epidemic that arose in Europe that lasted two hundred years, is usually caused by in humans by a microorganism by substrains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It’s hard to determine the exact years in which TB first infected humans, but since the disease leaves traces on the bone in can be found in archeological record and it is believed to go all the way back to the B.C. era. Although it is hard to tell if the bone damage was truly from TB, there is research that shows that it has been around since the 17th and 18th centuries with a high number of incidences of TB, and in 1882 Dr. Robert Koch announced that his discovery of the causing factor of TB, which is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A tuberculosis bacterium is spread through the air by an infected person speaking, coughing, or sneezing. Due to the fact the bacteria is protected by a waxy cell all, the body’s defense takes weeks to develop any kind of immunity and it allows the bacteria to exponentially multiply freely within the body. If TB it’s left untreated it will eat rapidly through many tissues, usually beginning with the lungs, lymph nodes, and kidneys. As the infection spreads to the lungs, it causes a cough and fluid between the chest wall and lungs, which leads to chest pains, severe shortness of breath, and potential heart failure. TB also infects bones and joints that can produce arthritis like pain and characteristic bone damage. Another possibility is that it may affect the fluid around the brain, causing meningitis, which can lead to fever, drowsiness, and eventually coma and death (Wingerson, 2009).
"Food Safety Facts and Figures - Home Food Safety." Home Food Safety. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Web. 23 Feb 2014.
HIV Transmission Risk. (2013, July 11). Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/policies/law/risk.html
My hypothesis on Tuberculosis is that it is a very deadly disease that causes a persons lungs to fill with blood. This can harm the body by making the body suffocate itself when the lungs fill with blood.
Hepatitis B is a DNA viral infection that causes damage and inflammation to the liver. It was first discovered in 1965 by Dr. Baruch Blumberg. The HBV virus is very contagious and is even thought to be the most serious form of viral hepatitis and the most common viral infection on Earth. “HBV is 100 times more infectious than HIV.” (Green, 2002, pg. 7) The virus can survive for about one week outside the body on a dry surface. According to Green (2002, pg. 7), “One in twenty Americans has been infected with the virus at some point in their lives.” Between the ages of 15-39 is when 75% of new HBV infections occur, according to Green (2002, pg.8).
Tuberculosis (TB) has various infections that can completely immobilize one's body. Its infections are varied and it generally eats away lung tissues and forms boils that releases pus. As disease proceeds, lungs would mercilessly be devoured and the victim will become pallid and fragile, coughing up blood and becoming unable to breathe. The word consumption originated from this sickness because o Infections in digestive tract can cause serious vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and acute pain. Aside from lungs, it can also infect bloodstream and even kidneys. TB can also cripple people's nervous system and their bones. Basically, it can destroy one's body completely. Surprisingly, the germ causing it (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) is extremely small.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 04 Feb. 2014. Web. The Web.
In the late 1800s a famous scientist known as Robert Koch was able to isolate the tubercle bacillus and was able to reproduce the disease. Due to this amazing discovery the Pirquet and Mantoux skin test was discovered along with a BCG vaccine and anti-tuberculosis drugs. (Journal of preventative medicine and hygiene)
"Tuberculosis (TB)." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 13 Mar. 2012. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rep. N.p., 26 Sept. 2013. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.