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Transference and counterference
How trauma influences human beings
Case study about interpersonal trauma
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Transference and countertransference can either help or negatively impact a counselling relationship. When working with the effects of trauma in a client’s life, both concepts may occur and need to be understood in order to provide the best possible outcome. In this essay, transference, countertransference, and trauma-informed care will all be discussed, as well as how both concepts are to be understood in relation to trauma-informed care in counselling. Sigmund Freud initially developed the concepts of transference and countertransference to better understand the phenomenon within psychoanalysis, where old feelings get transferred by the client onto the counsellor, or by the counsellor onto the client (Van, 2012). Transference can be defined …show more content…
Trauma is a physical or emotionally damaging event, or series of events that are experienced by an individual and have lasting detrimental effects on the individual’s functioning and mental, physical, social, emotional, or spiritual well-being (SAMHSA, as cited Wall, Higgins, & Hunter, 2016). Considering that trauma can result in psychological issues, such as, recurrent traumatic dreams, isolation, anxiety, hyperactivity, depression, and even suicide, trauma-informed care is a very important concept (Caltabiano, Sarafino, & Byre, 2008). Wall, Higgins, and Hunter (2016) explain that trauma-informed care is lacking a clearly articulated definition, however, do define trauma-informed care as a framework for a human service delivery which is based on knowledge and understanding of trauma, how it affects and influences peoples lives, and what services are required to …show more content…
Interpersonal trauma can be defined as “prolonged and repeated exposure to chronic, multiple, and repeated abuse within relationships, which give rise to complex PTS symptoms” (Sanderson, 2009, p.23). Such abuse is frequently committed by someone the individual is attached to or dependant on, or someone who is in a position of trust (Sanderson, 2009). Sanderson, 2009 provides examples of interpersonal trauma which commonly occurs in sexual assault by a partner or acquaintance, child or elder abuse, child sexual abuse, and abuse by professionals. An example of interpersonal trauma could be an individual being taken advantage of and abused by someone in a position of power and trust, such a parent, a teacher, a police officer, or even a
Especially in the book Miss America by Day, it mentioned about one of the maltreatments called incest (Maltreatment is intentional harm to or endangerment of a child, Incest is a sexual relations between persons closely related.). Like in the situation of Marilyn, author of the Miss America, she went through incest with her father at the age of five to eighteen, so until she became an adult it was very hard for her to tell her own story to anybody because she was afraid nobody would believe in her. Like the Child, Family, School, Community says, “the closer the victim and offender are emotionally, the greater trauma the victim experiences.” I agree with this statement, it is true that the closer the offender to the victim which the greater the trauma victim experiences. Some of the maltreatments are temperament of the child, marital distress, unemployment, lack of community support, and cultural values such as tolerance of violence can be considered as maltreatment. Other symptoms are poor social skills with peers of their own age(s), unable to trust other people, feel depression, commit suicide, have self-destructive, and confusion about their sexuality. It also said that high percentage of drug abusers, juvenile runaways, and prostitutes have been sexually abused when they were children. But for Marilyn Van Derbur felt very depressed and had temperament, but she coped with her pain by socializing and acting out as if nothing happened to her because she has to keep it as secret from everybody else ( Child, Family, School,
In Queen’s “Being Emotionally Abuse: A Phenomenological Study of Adult Women’s Experience of Emotionally Abusive Intimate Partner Relationship”, focused on a total of 15 women, who have been emotionally abused from an intimate partner relationship and wanted the women to describe, “What is it like to live the life of a woman who is emotionally abused by her intimate partner?” When experiencing emotional abuse, it can be express as “not easily detected; it is non-transparent in there is no physical markers.” (Bornstein 2007, Campbell & Humphreys, 1984; Evans 1996; Gelles & Strauss, 19888; Kurst-Swanger & Petcosk, 2003, O’Leary 1999; Walker, 2000). The emotional abuse can be very hurtful towards the women at times because while in the cycle of the relationship, the woman cannot tell when something bad or good will happen. While this is happening, she begins to lose strength that she once had before and in away she is trapped inside her own mind. With physical harm, individuals outside the relationship can notice the bumps and bruises on the skin. Alma, a young mother of three pre-teen girls describes her personal experience with emotional abuse as, “I was very restricted. He wouldn’t allow me to contact my mom...my family, my friends. After I had my daughter, I wasn’t allowed to go to the doctor. I could only go to take my daughter...I didn’t know anything about our checking account..I didn’t have my own money.” When thinking about emotional abuse, understand that you cannot see the “bumps and bruises” but you can still see the effect it has on the partner by using their minds as their weapon rather focus upon the individual. According to Queen and others, after their research, they would define
Ellis, B. H., Fogler, J., Hansen, S., Forbes, P., Navalta, C. P., & Saxe, G. (2012). Trauma systems therapy: 15-month outcomes and the importance of effecting environmental change. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4(6), 624-630. doi:10.1037/a0025192
a Humanistic Approach to Trauma Intervention. Journal Of Humanistic Counseling, Education And Development, 46(2), 172.
As Dr. Carnes explains exploitative relationships can create chains that link a victim to someone who is hazardous to them. Trauma bonding can occur as a result of divorce, litigation of any type, incest and child abuse, family and marital systems, domestic violence, hostage situations, professional exploitation and religious abuse. These situations involve an incredible amount of intensity or importance and they can become a trauma bond when there is an exploitation of trust and power. An important factor in understanding trauma bonds is that “stress becomes traumatic when danger, risk, fear or anxiety is present. This critical analysis will examine some specific aspects of the content within the text.
Currently, there are many children whom suffer from emotional, physical, and sexual abuse in their family. Emotional abuse is the lack of interest or affection parents have towards their children. As a result of emotional abuse, children are left feeling worthless and unloved. Physical abuse refers to attacking children resulting visible bodily injuries from either being burned, pushed, punched, slapped, or whipped. Sometimes physical abuse can be extremely severe that children have broken bones, fractures, or hemorrhaging. Sexual abuse occurs when a person forces, tricks, or threatens children to have sexual contact. These acts of child abuse could prevent children from living a normal adulthood. In order to deal with such a traumatic childhood, adults abused as children should rid themselves of such burdensome, painful memories.
Psychological maltreatment is also often referred to interchangeably as emotional or mental abuse. This refers to any form of maltreatment that can be categorized as an individual being subjected to the activities of another individual that frequently result in any form of mental trauma of the victim. Psychological maltreatment can be seen as one of the most serious and slightly overlooked problems in modern society (Lesson & Nixon, 2010). In general, psychological maltreatment is considered any kind of abuse that is emotional opposed to physical in nature. Nevertheless, there is much controversy regarding the true definition and consequences of psychological maltreatment. As of now, psychological maltreatment is one of the most difficult forms of maltreatment to detect and
Trauma is spread through close relationships with trauma survivors. Those most at risk for developing secondary trauma are those who are witness the emotional retelling of the trauma, including family, friends, medical providers. This retelling may come in many forms such as: through speaking, writing, or drawing (Whitfield 59). One develops secondary
“Trauma is used when describing emotionally painful and distressing experiences or situations that can overwhelm a person’s ability to cope” (John A. Rich, Theodore Corbin, & Sandra Bloom, 2008). Trauma could include deaths, violence, verbal and nonverbal words and actions, discrimination, racism etc. Trauma could result in serious long-term effects on a person’s health, mental stability, and physical body. Judith Herman, from Trauma and Recovery, said “Traumatic events are extraordinary, not because they occur rarely, but rather because they overwhelm the ordinary human adaptations to life” (John A. Rich, Theodore Corbin, & Sandra Bloom, 2008). Trauma does not involve the same experiences for everyone; each individual is unique in that they, and only they, can decide what is traumatic for them.
The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines trauma as a very difficult or unpleasant experience that causes someone to have mental or emotional problems usually for a long time (Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2015). From a medical perspective trauma is describe as severe damage to a person’s body. Trauma can be cause by multiple factors in a person life. Trauma could stem from a distressing experience of a physical or psychological nature. In recent years’ major natural disasters and acts of terrorism have become more prominent and devastating creating long lasting traumatic effects in individuals lives. Trauma can have a lasting negative impact on a person’s life. The lasting effects of trauma can have a negative effect in development as well as
A trauma based approach focuses on normalizing the client’s symptoms and behaviors as well as focusing on what actually happened with the client versus focusing on what is wrong with the client. This approach also focuses on the client learning how to take control and responsibility of their own recovery during treatment ( Bloom, 2000). Within the self-trauma approach, Briere has also incorporated parts of trauma theory, cognitive theory, self-psychology, and behavioral therapy in regards to working with clients who have survived and experienced child abuse ( Briere, 2002). The self-trauma model also incorporates relational and behavioral research and theory in order to address the many issues with emotional, cognitive, interpersonal, and behavioral effects of the child abuse. The main goal of this type of approach, is to avoid the client feeling overwhelmed. Although the goal is to avoid being overwhelmed, the focus is to expose the client to the traumatic material so that it could be integrate and desensitized ( Briere, 2004). Another theory that could apply to Ana is
In her therapy sessions, Layla will be talking to someone whose job is to listen and support her, and since she has never had this type of relationship with her parents or friends, Layla might grow extremely attached to her therapist because they fill the void left by her family and friends. Alternatively, countertransference refers the therapist’s reactions to the client based on the therapist’s own past or present conflicts and vulnerabilities (Iwamoto, 2017). If I was Layla’s therapist I would be prone to treating her in an extremely gentle, perhaps too gentle, way because I personally relate to struggling immensely during your freshman year of
Countertransference on the other hand is the response that is elicited in the therapist by the patient’s unconscious transference communications. Very often, it includes both feelings and associated thoughts. According to Gabbard (2004), it is most widely used to refer to the therapist’s cognitive-affective responses to the client (as cited in Cartwright, 2011). Freud conceptualized “countertransference” as arising from the client’s influence on the psychoanalyst’s unconscious feelings, a manifestation of the psychoanalyst’s unresolved issues, and a potential impediment to treatment (Storr, 1989). Countertransference can serve as a sensitive interpersonal barometer, a finely tuned instrument in the field of social interaction. For a therapist who feels irritated by a patient for no clear reason may eventually uncover subtle unconscious provocations by the patient that irritate and repel others, and thereby keep the patient unwittingly lonely and isolated.
According to the American Psychological Association, trauma is an emotional response to a terrible event. Some terrible events that happen all too often are rape, natural disasters or an accident. Immediately following the event shock and denial are likely to occur, but in the long-term flashbacks, unpredictable emotions and troubled relationships can arise. Defining emotional trauma on a child. Emotional trauma in a child can be created by bullying, emotional abuse, death of loved ones, separation from parent, or chaos and dysfunction in the household. Child symptoms of trauma can be very similar to depression symptoms. They can over sleep or sleep to little, unexplained anger, trouble focusing, obsessive worrying and some anxiety. How a child experiences an event and how it’s handled by those around him have an effect on how traumatizing it can be, notes Dr. Jerry Bubrick (Child Mind Institute , 2017). People grieve at different speeds and the way the child grieves is not the correct indicator on how the child will cope later. Defining physical trauma on a child. Physical trauma on a child is considered non-accidental or the cause of physical injury. Some households that suffer from alcoholism/substance abuse and anger issues have higher occurrences of child abuse as compared to households without according to psychology today. Sometimes kids that are abused are unaware that they are being abused and are victims of child
As presented previously, such trauma leads to adulthood psychoses that are often left unassociated with the trauma and not correlated to the importance of the developing brain at the time of the assaults. Most all victims are stunted emotionally and behaviorally at the age in which the traumas occurred. Understanding this and providing the psychoeducation as well as therapeutic techniques to groups is a considerable large portion of the healing process. A firm understanding the group in which the facilitator is working with, as well as working in a CBT and highly structured format, can provide these group members with opportunities otherwise out of their emotional