The purpose of this experiment is to determine which body areas are well represented with touch receptors. For lab 1 (tactile localization), a student’s hypothesis was; If the marker is dotted on a palm, then this will be the most accurate tactile localization. The palm showed this characteristic partially but is not true. Based on the experiment, the palm was more accurate than half of the other locations. With the fingertip averaging 4 mm, back of the hand with 5.7 mm, the neck with 9.7 mm, then the palm of the hand with 11.4 mm and three other locations with greater average distances. So the hypothesis was incorrect, the correct hypothesis would be; “If the marker is dotted on the fingertip, then this will be the most accurate tactile localization.”
This experiment taught the subject and experimenter the locations of the body in correlation with their touch receptors, with the ability to tactile localize. Reasons for error include the inability to find the area that was dotted. While being the subject and the experimenter, a problem was occurring was that the subject could feel and tell where the area was dotted but was unable to actually find the region of the body without sight. For lab 2 (Demonstrating Adaption of Touch Receptors), a student’s hypothesis was; If more pennies are stacked on top of the original penny, then the pressure sensation will reoccur. The subject stated this was true, thus reinforcing the hypothesis, and the duration of the sensation was 14 seconds long. This was a shorter duration compared to the original stimulus at 17 seconds and the second stimulus of 20 seconds. This occurs because the skins adaptation to pressure is by eventually not sending the sensation of pressure to the brain. With the increase of pressure, the adding of pennies, the stimulus might still occur but won’t last longer than the original stimulus due to the skin as already adapted to the original stimulus upon increasing the pressure. This experiment taught the phenomenon of adaptation of the skins touch receptors when dealing with a stimulus. Reasons for error include the conscious awareness of the stimulus. As the subject is trying to rid of the awareness of the stimulus, the subject is still aware that the stimulus was placed on their anterior surface of their forearm. This could cause a false recognition of losing conscious awareness of the stimulus. The scientific principle being investigated is the labs are the principle of relative touch receptors to body regions and receptors adaption to a stimulus.
Somatosensation was defined in the lab manual as the sense of touch. The four types of mechanoreceptors that were discussed in class were the Merkel complexes, Ruffini endings, Meissner’s corpuscle, and the Pacinian corpuscle (Lab Manual). The Merkel complexes were slow adapting mechanoreceptors whose primary function was to discriminate the texture, or pattern of an object (Lab Manual). The Ruffini endings were also slow adapting mechanoreceptors, but their primary function was to differentiate finger position and stable grasps (Lab Manual). The Meissner’s corpuscle was a fast adapting mechanoreceptor whose primary
Therapeutic touch was developed by Dolores Krieger and Dora Kunz in the 1970s as a non-invasive nursing intervention (Kelly et al. 2004). Jackson and Keegan (2009, p.614) defined therapeutic touch as “a specific technique of centring intention used while the practitioner moves the hands through a recipient’s energy field for the purpose of assessing and treating energy field imbalance.” The original theory of the technique proposed by nursing theorist Rogers (1970) is that individuals as a unified whole have their own permeable energy fields that extend from the skin surface and flow evenly when they are healthy. The energy field of the ill physical body is disrupted, misaligned, obstructed or “out of tune” (Huff et al. 2006). TT has the potential to re-pattern, reorganize and restore the individual’s imbalanced energy fields through the open system extending from the surface of the body interacting with the environment constantly (Krieger, 1979). The earliest studies of healing touch were carried out in the 1950s and 1960s: biochemist Bernard Grad (1965) collaborated with famous healer Oskar Estebany to demonstrate the significantly accelerated healing effects of therapeutic touch on wounded mice and damaged barley seeds. The central aim of healing therapies is to relax and calm patients in order to activate patients’ natural healing ability, and it does not include any religious activity (Lorenc et al. 2010).
The first is electrotactile simulation(3). It uses localized electric currents to stimulate targeted nerves using surface electrodes. This method uses no mechanical parts making it light-weight, energy conserving and less noisy in comparison to other non-invasive tactile stimulation methods. The main disadvantage of electrotactile simulation is reported burning sensations from test subjects. The second type of non-invasive tactile stimulation is vibrotactile stimulation (2), which uses mechanical vibrations on the surface of the skin to convey tactile information using varied vibrations frequency, amplitude and duration. It is best-suited for myoelectric protsthetics as it does not interfere with electric signals. Conversely, it may not be suited for older users as their sensitivity to vibrations might be diminished. The final method for non-invasive tactile stimulation is mechanotactile stimulation, which provides the user with pressure or position feedback. It provides the most natural force sensation out of all of the types of non-invasive tactile stimulation but this method also involves the largest and most energy consuming equipment, making it highly impractical to
Part of the brain that perceives stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain, as well as visual and auditory input.
Touch is as essential to a healthy and happy life as eating right, getting proper sleep, and exercising. With the world growing more technological, the need for healthy human contact is more important than ever. Massage and body therapies are an age old healing refuge for us in this fast-paced, stressed-out world. The practice of massage therapy is rapidly growing in the United States. It has so much to offer and is becoming more widely accepted by doctors and the general public. Massage is touching another person by such movements as rubbing, kneading, pressing, rolling, slapping, and tapping. This type of therapy provides circulation of the blood and lymph, relaxation of muscles, relief from pain, restoration of metabolic balance, and many other benefits both physical and mental. There is much historical evidence to indicate that massage is one of the earliest remedies for pain relief and for the restoration of a healthy body. It is said to be the most natural and instinctive means of relieving pain and discomfort. Massage has proven to be an effective method for treating many conditions for thousands of years and it will continue to be used for thousands of years to come. Massage therapy is a great treatment for the body and soul.
Therapeutic touch can be learned by anyone. Those who wish to become practitioners take special courses. The practitioner is taught to center himself, physically and psychologically, where he can find within himself an inner reference of stability. The pupil must learn to assess the patient by feeling hot, cold, tingling, congestion or pressure sensations in his hands when gliding through another person's energy fi...
Tactile sensing is acquiring information via physical contact. Various parameters like pressure, position, temperature, shape, texture etc. can be measured using this. Despite being one of the five most crucial senses by which a being perceives its environment, comparatively not a lot of research has been done in this field with a scope of application in industries, especially robotics. This paper aims at briefly discussing the various techniques used in tactile sensing and then compares them. Next, different types of commercial tactile sensors, along with suitable performance criteria for their comparison are discussed. Finally, currently existing commercial sensors are talked about in detail, including the leading manufacturers, their products and the description of their data sheet.
These patterns occur only with intense stimulation. Because strong and mild stimuli of the same sense modality produce different patterns of neural activity, being hit hard feels painful, but being caressed does not. It suggested that all cutaneous qualities are produced by spatial and temporal patterns of nerve impulses rather than by separate, modality specific transmission routes. Gate control theory of pain states that stimulation by non-noxious input is able to nullify pain.
Weber, in his study of the senses, experimented with muscular sensations and cutaneous senses by way of the two-point threshold and the just noticeable difference. His research revealed that there could not be a direct connection between our perception of a physical stimulus and the stimulus itself.
Kelso (1995) developed a nonlinear dynamical model for finger wagging which explained and predicted behavioural results from finger wagging experiments. van Leeuwen (2007) has used nonlinear dynamics based analyses to explain perceptual
Sensation refers to the process of sensing what is around us in our environment by using our five senses, which are touching, smell, taste, sound and sight. Sensation occurs when one or more of the various sense organs received a stimulus. By receiving the stimulus, it will cause a mental or physical response. It starts in the sensory receptor, which are specialized cells that convert the stimulus to an electric impulse which makes it ready for the brain to use this information and this is the passive process. After this process, the perception comes into play of the active process. Perception is the process that selects the information, organize it and interpret that information.
First, one must have the five senses; taste, smell, hear, see, and feel. Yes, these are physical aspects, however, these senses are what any human needs to be, human. For example, the human body needs to be able to taste. It must ingest food, and the food must appeal to a decent taste. A human must also be able to smell, so one may smell a poisonous gas, delicious food, or any other stench that may linger in the air. To be able to hear, enables the human to hear danger or a noise that appeals to them. When seeing, danger is also noted as well as the care of others. When one feels, the object that is being felt may make the person feel comfortable. Not only the sense of touching, but feelings.
Interestingly, the same type of brain arousal takes place whether people actually do finger tapping or only imagine it. What surprised Sutton most, however, was the detection of remarkably similar activity in much larger networks spanning areas of the cortex dealing with both input from the senses and output signals to the muscles. "Patterns of activity in small, more primitive areas of the brain are recapitulated in larger, more advanced parts," Sutton says. "This means that nature did not have to develop new rules of operation for different levels of the brain from small clusters of cells to large systems."
Transition: As you probably already know, massage is best known for it’s physical benefits. The different methods are used to pin-point certain body parts directly. But mental and...
The five senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell are all sensations throughout the human body. Sensation is the involvement of sensory receptors as well as the central nervous system in order to allow us to experience outside stimuli. The system that allows us to experience sensation is the sensory system.