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Game theory research paper
Game theory essay case study
Game theory essay case study
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According to Wikipedia, game theory is a branch of applies mathematics that is used in the social sciences (mostly economics). Game theory can also be defined as a theory of competition stated in terms of gains and losses among opposing players. Game theory tries to mathematically imprison behavior in strategic situations, in which a person’s success in making choices depends on the choices of others. Traditional application of this theory attempt find equilibrium in these games, in equilibrium. Every player of the game has adopted a strategy that they are unlike (Game theory ) To a psychologist, what is known is game theory to economists is known are the theory of social situations which a very accurate description of what game theory is all about. Game theory is appropriate in parlor games like (poker and bridge Research in game theory focuses mostly on how groups of people interact. Game theory has two main branches. The two main branches of game theory include: Cooperative game theory and non-cooperative game theory. Game theory also has a lot of different types including Cooperative and non-cooperative games, other types which I will briefly go over later. In addition to game theory, economic theory has 3 other branches which are all connected to game theory (What is game theory?) Branches of economic theory: Decision theory: Decision theory is an area of study of discrete mathematics, related to and of interest to practitioners in all branches of science, engineering and in all human social activities. It is concerned with how real or ideal decision-makers make or should make decisions, and how optimal decisions can be reached (decision theory ). This theory deals with one person game and games of single players aga... ... middle of paper ... ...eory of games. < http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/theory_of_games.aspx#1E1-games-th> may 12, 2009 8. Theory of games. < http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/theory_of_games.aspx#1E1-games-th> may 12, 2009. 9. Game theory. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory >. May 6, 2009. 10. Game theory. . May 6, 2009. 11. Game theory. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory>. May 6, 2009. 12. Game theory. may 27, 2009 13. Game theory. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory>. may 27, 2009 14. Game theory. may 27, 2009 15. Criticism of Game theory. < http://science.howstuffworks.com/game-theory7.htm>. May22, 2009 16. Criticism of Game theory. . May22, 2009
In this chapter of Naked Economics, by Charles Wheelan, he describes many aspects of trade. It begins by showing the capabilities of trade and how it affects everyone as a whole. It makes it so that everyone is better off than normal. To put it into perspective, he put the image in your head of how hard your life would be without trade, you would have to make your own clothes, find a way to get/make your own food, make your own car, etc... After showing some of the advantages to trade, he applies it to a global persona and begins to introduce his opinion on how global trade (globalization) makes us richer. One of the key explanations of this point is that trade frees up time in our busy schedule, therefore allowing us to use that freed up
Prisoners dilemma, is a theoretical game played between two individuals who can choose to either cooperate with one another or defect. Either choices give completely different payoffs. Both individuals cooperating, gives a greater pay off allowing for both individuals to benefit whereas one individual defecting while the other cooperates allows for one individual (defecting individual) to receive
The game of poker is a card based game, which has developed into many various kinds, in terms of the number of cards dealt, how many cards are on the deck visible for all players, and what remains hidden, over the past few decades. Despite its differences, poker of any kind shares one major significance; the factor, that either sets one winning or losing, is based upon decisions made in the long run. The utmost degree of such decisions resemble economic components, since the most elementary acts, such as raising the bets and folding one’s cards, may be regarded as a case of supply and demand. And one of them, which is the topic of this essay, is Nash Equilibrium, commonly used in games with no more than two players involved which is also known as „Heads Up“. Nash Equilibrium sets two players, with the very same count of chips, against one another in a situation where each player can either bet, all of his or her stack only, or fold. After this particular match is finished, the players‘ stacks are equilibrated again and this whole process is being repeated for sake of the long run. This algorithm is also known as „Fictitious Play“ (Dudziak, 2006). Most importantly each of the players ought to take in consideration the opponent’s decision, based on which they reach a convenient consensus, meaning, in order to maintain Nash Equilibrium, they both must correctly presume the upcoming action (Osborne & Rubinstein, 1994). Thus it is foreseeable that one or the other side, oftenly, faces a difficulty while striving for an equilibrium.
The ultimatum game is a scientific study that provides insight into the human condition through converging aspects of adversity and fairness, in wealth distribution. Observing past studies and analysing the methodological structure of the experiment and the established data enables us to contemplate the Hypotheses and attempt to create a strong link between the data and the hypotheses.
Roy, B. (1993). Decision science or decision-aid science? European journal of operational research , 66 (2), 184-203.
In other words our perception of things is our reality and reality is subjective. This theory also states that with what one individual would call a rational strategy there may be a negative or unwanted outcome. Not all people reach the same goals by the same methods or processes. When coming up with a plan we consider our upcoming actions with decreased knowledge, different mindsets, and reasoning abilities that are not the same as others.
D’Agostino concludes that formalism interpreted through the dichotomization thesis does not provide a satisfactory account of games (p. 12). These specific examples even further support this conclusion by identifying regulative rules that do in fact have a role in defining a game.
“Economics is the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between end and a scarce means which have alternative uses’ seems to capture the essence of Microeconomics, but does not convey much of the spirit of Macroeconomics.”
The non cooperative game theory comes when different members of decentralized supply chain take the operational decision for their own benefit by observing the action of other players. So in this way each player observes the action of other player and selects the best action from a given set of strategies to optimize his profit and cost.
Game theory is the use of thinking through all the positive and negative outcomes of a situation. People everyday use game theory to help solve problems and make decisions. Those who work in business use game theory to help make important decisions about furthering their market and beating the competition. Also, people do not just use game theory, they use the six different branches of game theory. Those branches are: zero sum games, non-zero sum games, simultaneous move games, sequential move games, one-shot games, and repeated games. Overall, game theory is a very interesting and helpful math technique to know.
In business, as in most games, we like to keep score. As one of Soloman's
Gershenfeld, Alan. “Mind Games.” Scientific American 310.2 (2014): 54-59. Academic Search Complete. Web. 9 Apr. 2014.
Economics is the study of how best to allocate scarce resources throughout an entire market. Economics affect our lives on a daily basis, whether it is on a business level or a personal level.
It is the study of resource allocation, distribution and consumption, of capital and investment, and of the management of the factors of production. (http://wikitionary.org/wiki/economics)
Since then economists have looked at alternative theories to explain and predict the real world dynamics. This is where the behavioral economics comes in. Among other things, it seeks to explain why humans behave how they behave, what are the impacts of this in the economy (here we are particularly concerned with financial markets), how we can avoid various biases to make better investment decisions.