Basic Perspectives on Motivation: Evaluating Three Perspectives for Understanding Sleep and Sleep Deprivation in Australian Adults
Motivation, to start with is the forward motion to behaviour (Burton, Westen & Kowalski, 2015). “Over 1.2 million Australians experience sleep disorder” (Burton et al, 2015), sleep deprivation is the deliberate prevention of sleep (APA college dictionary of psychology, 2009). Symptoms include “insomnia, inability to deal with stress and ill health” (Burton et al.). The consequence unmotivated behaviour is the inability to start the sleep process (Burton et al.). Sleep allows the body to restore, however despite this basic human need sleep deprivation exists. The Psychodynamic perspective is the relationship between conscious and unconscious intention (Burton et al.). The Behaviourists perspective implies humans are motivated to repeat behaviours that encourage and to avoid those that punish (Burton et al.). The Cognitive perspective suggests that people have motivated behaviour that value the outcome and believe they can
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“Behaviour is understood without mention to internal states e.g. thought and feeling” (Burton et al.). Organisms have biological needs if left unfulfilled their needs generate drives as states of arousal (Burton et al.). The internal state of the person influence reinforcement e.g. seeing a person yawn will reinforce a yawn (Burton et al.). Drive – reduction theories suggest that deprivation of basic needs creates a state of tension, the behaviour towards the drive reduces tension and the behaviour is reinforced (Burton et al.). Primary and secondary drives are also influenced by incentives, the presence of an external stimulus or reward (Burton et al.). Psychologist B.F. Skinner made behaviourism as an accepted perspective in the twentieth
Sleep deprivation is a common condition that occurs if you don’t get enough sleep. In case of sleep deprivation people have trouble falling and staying asleep for a long period of time. In order to understand how serious sleep deprivation can be, one must need to know causes and consequences of sleep deprivation, how much sleep do we need? What does sleep do for us? And how we can cure sleep deprivation.
Many college students suffer from sleep deprivation; only a few students would say that they are getting enough rest at night. Sleep deprivation is caused by not receiving the amount of sleep that the human body needs to function properly throughout the day. Sleep deprivation has many causes and effects that most often lead to depression, physical illness, learning problems, and irregular sleep patterns; Elizabeth Austin offers two solutions to help college students cope with sleep deprivation.
The public health problem that I am addressing is the lack of sleep. The target population will be adolescents and college students in America. Sleep is important to health because the timing, quality, and duration are essential. Sleep plays a big role in good health and well-being throughout your life. How you feel when you are awake comes from how well you slept at night. Sleep has a direct correlation with metabolic regulation, emotional regulation, performance, memory consolidation, learning, and brain recuperation process. Because of these factors it should be viewed as just as important
Sleep deprivation is a commonplace occurrence in modern culture. Every day there seems to be twice as much work and half as much time to complete it in. This results in either extended periods of wakefulness or a decrease in sleep over an extended period of time. While some people may like to believe that they can train their bodies to not require as much sleep as they once did this belief is false (1). Sleep is needed to regenerate certain parts of the body, especially the brain, so that it may continue to function optimally. After periods of extended wakefulness or reduced sleep neurons may begin to malfunction, visibly effecting a person's behavior. Some organs, such as muscles, are able to regenerate even when a person is not sleeping so long as they are resting. This could involve lying awake but relaxed within a quite environment. Even though cognitive functions might not seem necessary in this scenario the brain, especially the cerebral cortex, is not able to rest but rather remains semi-alert in a state of "quiet readiness" (2). Certain stages of sleep are needed for the regeneration of neurons within the cerebral cortex while other stages of sleep seem to be used for forming new memories and generating new synaptic connections. The effects of sleep deprivation on behavior have been tested with relation to the presence of activity in different sections of the cerebral cortex.
B.F. Skinner was considered the father of behavioral approach to psychology and a noticeable spokesperson for behaviorism. According to Corey (2013), he advocated radical behaviorism. In other words it placed a primary importance on the effects of environment on behavior. Skinner was a determinist; he did not consider that humans had free choices. He recognized the existence of feeling and thoughts, but disagreed about them causing humans action. In its place, he underlined the cause-and-effect links between objective, observable environmental conditions and behavior. Skinner claimed that more than enough attention had been given to the internal states of mind and motives, which cannot be observed and changed directly and not enough focus
Another reason that causes the negative relationship between sleep deprivation and academic performance is the impact of high-stress level that is caused by sleep deprivation. As mentioned earlier, sleep deprivation could decrease a student’s critical thinking and problem-solving skills. However, it can also make the students feel more stressful. According to the survey conducted in Ball State campus, there are 15 students that often do their homework before they go to bed. 10 students play video games, computer games, and mobile games before they go to sleep. 8 students use their electronic devices to do social activities. 5 students watch movies and television series and 2 students read books before they go to bed. This information proves
In 1913 a new movement in psychology appeared, Behaviorism. “Introduced by John Broadus Watson when he published the classic article Psychology as the behaviorist views it.” Consequently, Behaviorism (also called the behaviorist approach) was the primary paradigm in psychology between 1920 to 1950 and is based on a number of underlying ‘rules’: Psychology should be seen as a science; Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events, like thinking and emotion; People have no free will – a person’s environment determines their behavior; Behavior is the result of stimulus resulting in a response; and All behavior is learned from the environment. How we process these stimuli and learn from our surrounds
The vulnerability of the body to diseases increases as sleep deprivation continues. The immune system is greatly affected and defenses are weakened, leaving the body exposed to the changing environment. Not all changes happen externally, internal changes are fluctuating as well. For instance, sleep fragmentation with feelings of choking and daytime sleepiness are mechanisms for anxiety shown in sleep apnea (Fong329). Continuous interruption of sleep can make a person believe that they won’t get any better. This lays out a blueprint for unwanted thoughts and actions. When a sleep disorder is present, the individual should expect further complications and visits to the doctor. Seeing a person who is sleep deprived can further conclude the danger of it. An individual who simply hasn’t sleep in days will not be aware of the environment as much, which will lead to stumbling, running into things, and other tangible dangers. This also makes work related tasks much more difficult. Depending on the importance and alert level needed, having enough sleep is imperative. Indeed, weight gain is noticeable in people who have sleep disorders. Increased BMI relates to severe sleep obstruction, making a solid link between obesity and sleep deprivation (Bocicor 223). A hormone called leptin tells the body to stop eating, being sleep deprived will make less leptin. This causes the body to want to eat,
Various perspectives on behavior have changed the face of psychology over the centuries. Some of the most influential of these theories on behaviorism were made by John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Edward C. Tolman. The manner in which behavior is modified has become a growing debate in the aspect of which technique is more reliable and effective. The theories from these three men have become a foundation for many different schools of thought throughout modern psychology. Through their research, many modern psychologists have grown a better knowledge on why people react and behave during certain situations or in different environments. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the various theories of Watson and Skinner to that of Tolman.
...ers lie restlessly in their beds while men and women come from work to get that treasured hour or two of sleep only to wake up and head off to their second or third job. Looking at all the information it becomes fairly obvious how much could be affecting peoples sleeping patterns. Sleep deprivation is something that affects everyone at some point in their life whether their a student, a teacher, a doctor, or a janitor and everyone has their reasons for staying up whether their good reasons like studying or work or not really solid reasons like staying up all night watching TV, or playing games. Either way sleep deprivation is something that can cause a major issue to everyone and is something that needs to be controlled in order to keep order and harmony in people’s lives. Without those things everything that society has built up could easily collapse in on itself.
In the world of higher education, students at the collegiate level are highly likely to be overwhelmed with course load, in addition to sports and extra-curricular activities (Jacobs & Dodd, 2003). These factors have the potential to lead to various amounts of sleep deprivation, and as the research of Nilsson, Sunderstrom, Karlsson et al. (2004) has shown, sleep deprivation is correlated with higher levels of fatigue, impairments in speed and accuracy as well as limitations in cognitive and physical performances. One way to cope with this fatigue that has shown to have very positive results on people of all ages is taking naps. In addition to reducing sleepiness, Milner & Cote (2008) have determined that “napping may lead to considerable benefits in terms of mood, alertness and cognitive performances”. It is these benefits that nappers seek when engaging in napping activities.
Those few sleepless hours shouldn’t hurt, right? Unfortunately, those few hours could have prevented sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation affects one’s school performance and one’s health too. Many everyday appliances affect one’s sleeping patterns and habits as well. Lack of sleep is a problem not only for me, but for many teenagers. Sleep deprivation also takes a toll on physical and mental health along with other health problems. These obstacles will help one grow as a character because they can learn from their mistakes and solve them. By looking at what causes sleep deprivation, what the effects of sleep deprivation are, and what are the solutions to solve sleep deprivation, one can see that sleep is an important part to succeed in school and life.
These scientist attempted to understand motivation with instincts that are found both in human and in animals. Sometimes instinct can be related to aggressive behaviors. In reality instinct can be related to curiosity, running away, aggressiveness, and gathering possessions proposed by William McDougall in 1908.There are also cases where drive-reduction theory connects to internal physiology and outward behavior causing an organism that has a need, like hunger, to lead into psychological tension that motivates the organism to act, fulfilling the need and reducing tension. Drive-reduction theory also has two drives which are primary drives that involve needs of the body, while acquired (secondary) drives are learned through experience. Homeostasis also includes into the drive-reduction theory which causes the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state. Also, the need for affiliation (nAff) helps and individual have a friendly social interaction and relationships with others as well as to be thought as something great with
In my reaction paper I will discuss B.F. Skinners theory operant conditioning and the ways he tested it out on animals, how it relates to humans, and how I can relate operant conditioning to my own personal life.
There are five main contributors to behaviorism. They are Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, and Joseph Wolpe. The beh...