Basic Perspectives on Motivation: Evaluating Three Perspectives for Understanding Sleep and Sleep Deprivation in Australian Adults
Motivation, to start with is the forward motion to behaviour (Burton, Westen & Kowalski, 2015). “Over 1.2 million Australians experience sleep disorder” (Burton et al, 2015), sleep deprivation is the deliberate prevention of sleep (APA college dictionary of psychology, 2009). Symptoms include “insomnia, inability to deal with stress and ill health” (Burton et al.). The consequence unmotivated behaviour is the inability to start the sleep process (Burton et al.). Sleep allows the body to restore, however despite this basic human need sleep deprivation exists. The Psychodynamic perspective is the relationship between conscious and unconscious intention (Burton et al.). The Behaviourists perspective implies humans are motivated to repeat behaviours that encourage and to avoid those that punish (Burton et al.). The Cognitive perspective suggests that people have motivated behaviour that value the outcome and believe they can
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reach it (Burton et al.). It will be argued the Psychodynamic perspective is a practical understanding for sleep deprivation in Australian adults. The Psychodynamic perspective of motivation would argue that humans are motivated by unconscious drives that build tension states until satisfied (Burton et al, 2015). People have influential conscious motives (wishes), and powerful unconscious motives (fears) that direct motivation (Burton et al.). Once a wish is achieved it may be temporally deactivated or less intense (Burton et al.). A fear is a sign of an undesired condition that is associated with unpleasant feelings (Burton et al.). Arousal is a indication in theories of motivation and emotion, serving as the driving force or energy in the wake of a particular motivation or behaviour (Study, 2016). “Sigmund Freud Viennese Physician developed a theory of mental life and behaviour”, the Psychodynamic perspective.” (Burton et al.). Sleep is an unconscious motive that builds tension, driven by the rhythms akin to the sleep – wake cycles (Burton et al, 2015). Unconscious motives appear over time without conscious effort or knowledge, whereas conscious motivation becomes activated when people focus attention on tasks and goals (Burton et al.). During arousal the unsatisfied drive will actively increase until satisfied and experienced with pleasure (Burton et al.) e.g. yawning and rubbing eyes as sleepiness takes over, the pleasure of resting becomes more inviting. To confirm these findings a sleep study would to be created, the research method; Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (Burton et al.) , independent variable; participants, dependent variable; motivated sleep behaviour, hypotheses; do participant’s internal sleep – wake cycles motivate sleep behaviour. However, sleep deprivation is also a motivated behaviour, but is not within the unconscious sleep – wake cycles, people are prone to self – deception and wishful thinking (Burton et al, 2015). Conscious motives are more flexible and controllable, are able to take priority over unconscious motives, only temporarily (Burton et al.)Young people believe that a good sleep is very deep sleep for the majority of the night, despite the opposite in reality, that recurring patterns of sleep repeat every 90 minutes of light to REM (Burton et al.). If the person’s belief is to sleep solid throughout the night, a fear is created if this is not met from the conscious override. Therefore the psychodynamic perspective suggests that sleep deprivation is caused by self – deception and wishful thinking e.g. that one hits the pillow and sleeps solidly until the morning (Burton et al.). To confirm these findings a sleep study needs to be created, research method; Thematic Apperception Test, the independent variable; participants, dependent variable; non – motivated sleep behaviour. The hypotheses; are participants self – deception creating non – motivated sleep behaviour (Burton et al.). Merit strengths are case studies, and offers insight into the unconscious processes (Burton et al, 2015). Merit shortcomings are limited experimentation and it is a lengthy process of consultation (Burton et al.). Merit assessment suggests the strengths unconscious processes outweighs shortcoming a lengthy process of consultation (Burton et al.), my stance is the Psychodynamic perspective is suitable for understanding sleep and sleep deprivation. The Behaviourist perspective of motivation is behaviours are formed by the environment with rewards and punishment, this theory is operant conditioning (Burton et al, 2015).
“Behaviour is understood without mention to internal states e.g. thought and feeling” (Burton et al.). Organisms have biological needs if left unfulfilled their needs generate drives as states of arousal (Burton et al.). The internal state of the person influence reinforcement e.g. seeing a person yawn will reinforce a yawn (Burton et al.). Drive – reduction theories suggest that deprivation of basic needs creates a state of tension, the behaviour towards the drive reduces tension and the behaviour is reinforced (Burton et al.). Primary and secondary drives are also influenced by incentives, the presence of an external stimulus or reward (Burton et al.). Psychologist B.F. Skinner made behaviourism as an accepted perspective in the twentieth
century. Sleep is a primary drive, through operant conditioning, is activated in the environment through behaviours that reward and behaviours that avoid punishment (Burton et al, 2015). States of arousal are created to satisfy a unfulfilled primary drive, until the need restores back to homeostasis (Burton et al.). This is reinforced until the drive is satisfied e.g. the more a person yawn while tired the more tired they are. This drive – reduction theory is the motivational behaviour for sleep (Burton et al.) e.g. as the night sets in, the body starts to feel tired until sleep is granted. Primary and secondary drives are also influenced by incentives e.g. the old saying ‘get some beauty sleep’ will create motivation to sleep. To confirm the findings a sleep study for behaviourists would include a research method; experimentation, independent variable; a variety of participants, dependent variable; motivated sleep behaviour, hypothesis; do participants drive – reduction motivate sleep. However, form a behaviourist perspective, human behaviour is not directed towards fulfilling primary drives such as sleep (Burton et al.). This is shown in (Burton et al.) Young people’s expectations learnt about sleep are unrealistic information received by the environment e.g. a movie scene a person falls asleep on a pillow, and the alarm the next scene, learnt behaviour creates unrealistic expectations of sleep. A sleep deprivation study to confirm the findings includes a research method; experimental, the independent variable; a variety of participants, the dependent variable; non – motivated sleep behaviour. Hypotheses; do participants environment shut down drive – reduction of sleep. Merit strengths are the environment affects behaviour and experimentation methods (Burton et al.). Merit shortcomings reject concept of “mind” and sleep cannot be reinforced (Burton et al.). Merit assessment suggests shortcomings, rejects the “mind’ outweighs strengths the environment affects behaviour (Burton et al.) my stance is not the Behaviourist perspective to be suitable for understanding sleep and sleep deprivation. The Cognitive perspective of motivation is the value people place on an outcome and the extent to which they believe they can attain it, expectancy – value theory (Burton et al, 2015). This drives behaviour through arousal to create goals to implement an expected outcome (Burton et al.) Motivation is often focused on goals, desired outcomes established through social learning, goal – setting theory e.g. a bedtime routine (Burton et al.). With a intrinsic motivation the enjoyment and interest in an activity (Burton et al.) Implicit motives can create and be expressed outside conscious awareness (Burton et al.) Rene Descartes early philosophical questions led to many cognitive psychologists to emphasise the role of reason in creating knowledge (Burton et al.). Motivation for sleep is the expectancy – value theories, suggest if sleep is valued as high and a belief to attain it, sleep will occur, e.g. to feel rested after a good night’s sleep. Arousal to create the desired outcome of sleep is established. The goal – setting theory would be the build up before going to sleep. With intrinsic motivation is the enjoyment and interest of going to sleep and creates associated pleasure. The implicit motives for going to sleep would to yawn when tired. To confirm the findings a sleep study would consist a research method; experimentation, independent variable; a variety of participants, dependant variable; motivated sleep behaviour. Hypotheses; do participants expectancy – value theory motivate sleep. Non – motivated sleep behaviour occurs when the human’s expectations or values are not met. Young people have about sleep is misinterpreted (Burton et al.), to what real sleep patterns look like. e.g. the expectation; only good sleep, is in deep sleep. Creating an idealistic expectancy - value, and will decrease the ability to attain sleep, therefore sleep deprivation will occur. Arousal reduces as the capability to make the desired outcome is not being established. The goal – setting theory would be that sleep is hard. Intrinsic motivation will be the lost interest in sleep as it is no longer enjoyable and interesting. Implicit motives not yawing when sleepy. A sleep deprivation study will consist of the research method; experimentation, independent variable; a variety of participants, dependent variable; non – motivated sleep behaviour. Hypotheses; do participants expectations about sleep interfere with the natural sleep process. Merit strengths are experimentating with humans; computer modelling and mind processes (Burton et al.). Merit shortcomings are human minds as computers and actual sleep is not a goal (Burton et al.). Merit assessment shortcoming the mind is a computer outweighs good experimentation methods (Burton et al.), my stance is not the Cognitive perspective to be suitable for understanding sleep and sleep deprivation. In conclusion, after evaluating three perspectives on motivation to gain understanding of sleep and sleep deprivation in Australian adults, the Psychodynamic perspective provide a practical understanding. 1.2 million Australians are familiar with sleep disorder, sleep allows for many bodily functions to restore, however despite this basic human need sleep deprivation exists. The strength of the Psychodynamic perspective is insight into the unconscious motives; however it is a longer process of consultation. The strength of the Behavioural perspective is external stimulus effects behaviour; however there is little reinforcement for sleep. The strength of the Cognitive perspective is experimentation with humans as computer modelling; however actual sleep cannot be made into a conscious goal. Overall, my stance is the Psychodynamic perspective through the unconscious, for understanding sleep and sleep deprivation. Lastly, when I experience bouts of sleep deprivation a variety of small changes makes a difference.
B.F. Skinner was considered the father of behavioral approach to psychology and a noticeable spokesperson for behaviorism. According to Corey (2013), he advocated radical behaviorism. In other words it placed a primary importance on the effects of environment on behavior. Skinner was a determinist; he did not consider that humans had free choices. He recognized the existence of feeling and thoughts, but disagreed about them causing humans action. In its place, he underlined the cause-and-effect links between objective, observable environmental conditions and behavior. Skinner claimed that more than enough attention had been given to the internal states of mind and motives, which cannot be observed and changed directly and not enough focus
Sleep deprivation is a common condition that occurs if you don’t get enough sleep. In case of sleep deprivation people have trouble falling and staying asleep for a long period of time. In order to understand how serious sleep deprivation can be, one must need to know causes and consequences of sleep deprivation, how much sleep do we need? What does sleep do for us? And how we can cure sleep deprivation.
In 1913 a new movement in psychology appeared, Behaviorism. “Introduced by John Broadus Watson when he published the classic article Psychology as the behaviorist views it.” Consequently, Behaviorism (also called the behaviorist approach) was the primary paradigm in psychology between 1920 to 1950 and is based on a number of underlying ‘rules’: Psychology should be seen as a science; Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events, like thinking and emotion; People have no free will – a person’s environment determines their behavior; Behavior is the result of stimulus resulting in a response; and All behavior is learned from the environment. How we process these stimuli and learn from our surrounds
Another reason that causes the negative relationship between sleep deprivation and academic performance is the impact of high-stress level that is caused by sleep deprivation. As mentioned earlier, sleep deprivation could decrease a student’s critical thinking and problem-solving skills. However, it can also make the students feel more stressful. According to the survey conducted in Ball State campus, there are 15 students that often do their homework before they go to bed. 10 students play video games, computer games, and mobile games before they go to sleep. 8 students use their electronic devices to do social activities. 5 students watch movies and television series and 2 students read books before they go to bed. This information proves
The public health problem that I am addressing is the lack of sleep. The target population will be adolescents and college students in America. Sleep is important to health because the timing, quality, and duration are essential. Sleep plays a big role in good health and well-being throughout your life. How you feel when you are awake comes from how well you slept at night. Sleep has a direct correlation with metabolic regulation, emotional regulation, performance, memory consolidation, learning, and brain recuperation process. Because of these factors it should be viewed as just as important
Many college students suffer from sleep deprivation; only a few students would say that they are getting enough rest at night. Sleep deprivation is caused by not receiving the amount of sleep that the human body needs to function properly throughout the day. Sleep deprivation has many causes and effects that most often lead to depression, physical illness, learning problems, and irregular sleep patterns; Elizabeth Austin offers two solutions to help college students cope with sleep deprivation.
...ers lie restlessly in their beds while men and women come from work to get that treasured hour or two of sleep only to wake up and head off to their second or third job. Looking at all the information it becomes fairly obvious how much could be affecting peoples sleeping patterns. Sleep deprivation is something that affects everyone at some point in their life whether their a student, a teacher, a doctor, or a janitor and everyone has their reasons for staying up whether their good reasons like studying or work or not really solid reasons like staying up all night watching TV, or playing games. Either way sleep deprivation is something that can cause a major issue to everyone and is something that needs to be controlled in order to keep order and harmony in people’s lives. Without those things everything that society has built up could easily collapse in on itself.
The vulnerability of the body to diseases increases as sleep deprivation continues. The immune system is greatly affected and defenses are weakened, leaving the body exposed to the changing environment. Not all changes happen externally, internal changes are fluctuating as well. For instance, sleep fragmentation with feelings of choking and daytime sleepiness are mechanisms for anxiety shown in sleep apnea (Fong329). Continuous interruption of sleep can make a person believe that they won’t get any better. This lays out a blueprint for unwanted thoughts and actions. When a sleep disorder is present, the individual should expect further complications and visits to the doctor. Seeing a person who is sleep deprived can further conclude the danger of it. An individual who simply hasn’t sleep in days will not be aware of the environment as much, which will lead to stumbling, running into things, and other tangible dangers. This also makes work related tasks much more difficult. Depending on the importance and alert level needed, having enough sleep is imperative. Indeed, weight gain is noticeable in people who have sleep disorders. Increased BMI relates to severe sleep obstruction, making a solid link between obesity and sleep deprivation (Bocicor 223). A hormone called leptin tells the body to stop eating, being sleep deprived will make less leptin. This causes the body to want to eat,
Various perspectives on behavior have changed the face of psychology over the centuries. Some of the most influential of these theories on behaviorism were made by John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Edward C. Tolman. The manner in which behavior is modified has become a growing debate in the aspect of which technique is more reliable and effective. The theories from these three men have become a foundation for many different schools of thought throughout modern psychology. Through their research, many modern psychologists have grown a better knowledge on why people react and behave during certain situations or in different environments. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the various theories of Watson and Skinner to that of Tolman.
Those few sleepless hours shouldn’t hurt, right? Unfortunately, those few hours could have prevented sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation affects one’s school performance and one’s health too. Many everyday appliances affect one’s sleeping patterns and habits as well. Lack of sleep is a problem not only for me, but for many teenagers. Sleep deprivation also takes a toll on physical and mental health along with other health problems. These obstacles will help one grow as a character because they can learn from their mistakes and solve them. By looking at what causes sleep deprivation, what the effects of sleep deprivation are, and what are the solutions to solve sleep deprivation, one can see that sleep is an important part to succeed in school and life.
Sleep deprivation is a commonplace occurrence in modern culture. Every day there seems to be twice as much work and half as much time to complete it in. This results in either extended periods of wakefulness or a decrease in sleep over an extended period of time. While some people may like to believe that they can train their bodies to not require as much sleep as they once did this belief is false (1). Sleep is needed to regenerate certain parts of the body, especially the brain, so that it may continue to function optimally. After periods of extended wakefulness or reduced sleep neurons may begin to malfunction, visibly effecting a person's behavior. Some organs, such as muscles, are able to regenerate even when a person is not sleeping so long as they are resting. This could involve lying awake but relaxed within a quite environment. Even though cognitive functions might not seem necessary in this scenario the brain, especially the cerebral cortex, is not able to rest but rather remains semi-alert in a state of "quiet readiness" (2). Certain stages of sleep are needed for the regeneration of neurons within the cerebral cortex while other stages of sleep seem to be used for forming new memories and generating new synaptic connections. The effects of sleep deprivation on behavior have been tested with relation to the presence of activity in different sections of the cerebral cortex.
These scientist attempted to understand motivation with instincts that are found both in human and in animals. Sometimes instinct can be related to aggressive behaviors. In reality instinct can be related to curiosity, running away, aggressiveness, and gathering possessions proposed by William McDougall in 1908.There are also cases where drive-reduction theory connects to internal physiology and outward behavior causing an organism that has a need, like hunger, to lead into psychological tension that motivates the organism to act, fulfilling the need and reducing tension. Drive-reduction theory also has two drives which are primary drives that involve needs of the body, while acquired (secondary) drives are learned through experience. Homeostasis also includes into the drive-reduction theory which causes the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state. Also, the need for affiliation (nAff) helps and individual have a friendly social interaction and relationships with others as well as to be thought as something great with
In the world of higher education, students at the collegiate level are highly likely to be overwhelmed with course load, in addition to sports and extra-curricular activities (Jacobs & Dodd, 2003). These factors have the potential to lead to various amounts of sleep deprivation, and as the research of Nilsson, Sunderstrom, Karlsson et al. (2004) has shown, sleep deprivation is correlated with higher levels of fatigue, impairments in speed and accuracy as well as limitations in cognitive and physical performances. One way to cope with this fatigue that has shown to have very positive results on people of all ages is taking naps. In addition to reducing sleepiness, Milner & Cote (2008) have determined that “napping may lead to considerable benefits in terms of mood, alertness and cognitive performances”. It is these benefits that nappers seek when engaging in napping activities.
In my reaction paper I will discuss B.F. Skinners theory operant conditioning and the ways he tested it out on animals, how it relates to humans, and how I can relate operant conditioning to my own personal life.
There are five main contributors to behaviorism. They are Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, and Joseph Wolpe. The beh...