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Spearman's model of intelligence
Relevance of intelligence theories to education
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Many theories explain intelligence. Cattell, Gardener, Sternberg, Galton, & Spearman are just a few of those theorists. Intelligence is a wide scope and will be seen throughout this research paper. ‘‘Intelligence is the ability or abilities to acquire and use knowledge for solving problems and adapting to the world’’ (Woolfolk,1998). The two main ways of measuring intelligence is ‘G’ and ‘S’ intelligence. ‘S’ stands for special intelligence or special abilities while ‘G’ stands for general or global mental ability. According to Matalon 2000, ‘‘Mental ability refers to being able to reason, understand, solve problems and learn from experience’’. It’s simply saying that we cannot directly see intelligence, but we can infer how intelligent a person is. This can be done through observation of someone’s behavior when confronted with events requiring the use of intelligence. …show more content…
Each of the 150 factors is important and an integral part of intelligence’’. Encyclopedia Britannica 2013, ‘‘A leading American exponent of factor analysis for a comprehensive assessment of personality, Guilford constructed for this purpose batteries of tests, or factor inventories. His comprehensive, systematic theory of intellectual abilities, known as the structure of intellect, was outlined Human Intelligence (1967)’’. Raymond Cattell According to Heffner (2017), ‘‘described intelligence as having two distinct factors. The first he called Crystallized Intelligence, representing acquired knowledge, and secondly, Fluid Intelligence, or our ability to use this knowledge’’. Fluid intelligence can be defined as ‘‘the ability to perceive relationships independent of previous specific practice or instruction concerning those relationships'' (Cherry 2017). Fluid intelligence involves being able to think and reason abstractly and solve
The g factor, or "general factor", is a construct developed in psychometrics to determine cognitive abilities. It is a variable that summarizes positive correlations among various cognitive tasks, which demonstrate an individual's performance at one type of cognitive task tends to be comparable to his or her performance at other kinds of cognitive tasks. The g factor typically accounts for 40 to 50 percent of the variance in IQ test performance, and IQ scores are frequently regarded as estimates of an individual's g factor rating (Kamphaus et al. 2005). The terms IQ, general intelligence, general cognitive ability, general mental ability, or simply intelligence, are often used interchangeably to refer to the common core shared by cognitive tests (Deary et al, 2012).
Crystalized is referred to as acquired skills and knowledge (Cohen, 2012). Fluid intelligence is in reference to memory (Cohen, 2012). Luria's information processing approach is a theory that there are two basic processing styles, simultaneous and successive (Cohen, 2012). Simultaneous is when the thought as happening all at once, where as successive is when the thought is gathered over several thoughts in a series (Cohen, 2012). The Carroll's three-stratum theory is a belief that intelligence is layered with general intelligence of top and thoughts and processing below, similar to the stratum in geology (Cohen, 2012). The Cattell-Horn and Carroll's CHC model is a blended model of the Cattell-Horn model of crystalized and fluid intelligence and the Carroll model of
According to Howard Gardner (1991), every individual is born with a certain intelligence or potential intelligence. It is unfair to teach and/or assess an individual with a standard guideline or benchmark. This is mainly because every individual possess a different intellectual strength and different kinds of mind that learn, perform and understand in a different ways which is difficult to be changed. If an individual cannot understand the way we communicate, we should communicate in the way they can understand. Howard Gardner (1983), in his Multiple Intelligence Theory, proposes that human intelligence has seven dimensions that should be acknowledged and developed by the encouragement of learning and self-development and
Intelligence tests have been developed by scientists as a tool to categorize army recruits or analyze school children. But still discussing what intelligence is, academics have a difficult time defining what intelligence tests should measure. According to the American researcher Thorndike, intelligence is only that what intelligence tests claim it is (Comer, Gould, & Furnham, 2013). Thus, depending on what is being researched in the test and depending on the scientist’s definition of intelligence the meaning of the word intelligence may vary a lot. This essay will discuss what intelligence is in order to be able to understand the intelligence theories and aims of intelligence tests.
Humans have the ability to think, reason, and imagine. In fact, we are proud of ourselves being the only ‘intelligent’ creature on Earth. The term intelligence is made by us humans, thus its definition can only, and inevitably, derive from human actions. We normally perceive intelligence as humans’ ability to differ from other non-human beings like ‘animals’. However, it is hard to find a universal definition that doesn’t clash between science and philosophy, thus there are so many different measures to test the intelligence.
Spearman thought that if all mental tests are mutually related then there is some common factor that causes this. Spearman developed a statistical method called factor analysis that shows that these mutual relations between mental ability tests were the direct result of a common factor among them. Spearman used factor analysis to prove that certain groups of mental ability tests can measure a common mental ability. Charles Spearman's model of intelligence is based on his observation that "All te3sts of mental ability are positively correlated. Spearman discovered that people who score high on IQ or mental ability tests usually score higher on other types of test, and people who score lower on IQ and mental ability tests generally score lower on other mental ability test." (www.associatedcontent.com)
Unlike Bauerlin’s definition of intelligence, Begley’s definition leaves room for an evolved and deep insight into intellect. Begley describes intelligence as ‘the ability to think critically and logically, to analyze an argument, to learn and remember’ and qualifies this statement with the fact that since the 1930s, IQ scores have been rising on average
Fluid knowledge is a cognitive ability underlying all mental aptitudes and is thought to be impermeable to practice. Jaeggi and colleagues (2008) challenge fluid intelligences resilient nature by finding results.
Hector evidently performs well in courses such as pre-calculus and economics that involve computation and concrete or black-and-white operations. Traditional theories of intelligence do not account for the ambiguity of classes such as philosophy or for the wide range of interests a child can have. For example, contemporary theories such as Sternberg’s Theory of Intelligence and Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences both account for more than the general intelligence accounted for in traditional intelligence theories.
The names are Fluid Intelligence and Crystallized Intelligence. In chapter Seven, intelligence is defined as the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources when faced with challenges. When speaking of or about intelligence, Gardner’s theory is one the most popular theory out in the world. Gardner suggests that each individual has their very own kind of intelligence and it comes in different degrees not in just one. Looking back into chapter 7, fluid intelligence is defines as reflecting information processing capabilities reasoning and memory. We tend to use more of our Fluid intelligence when we are trying to solve a problem. For example, when I try to relate a day in my life to when I am using my Fluid Intelligence, I think back to all the math classes I have taken in my course of studying and even my life outside of school. Trying to remember an equation in math or when we try to remember a simple memory from the past, we try to use the fastest way possible to remember how to do that and that goes to say we are using our fluid
Verbal Intelligence; Non-verbal Intelligence; Concrete Reasoning; and Abstract Reasoning are several of the mental abilities that have been identified by psychologists (Santrock, 2013). Spearman’s thoughts were that intelligence is general cognitive ability that can be numerically expressed and measured.
Intelligence by definition is “the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills” (Oxford Dictionary, 2014). However, many psychologists argue that there is no standard definition of ‘intelligence’, and there have been many different theories over time as psychologists try to find better ways to define this concept (Boundless 2013). While some believe in a single, general intelligence, others believe that intelligence involves multiple abilities and skills. Another largely debated concept is whether intelligence is genetically determined and fixed, or whether is it open to change, through learning and environmental influence. This is commonly known as the nature vs. nurture debate.
Several people have developed the idea that as a person gets older their intelligence will decrease, this assumption has been developed through the idea that as an individual’s age increases, their fluid intelligence skills deteriorates. However there is more to intelligence than just fluid intelligence, crystallised intelligence works in much the same way except in reverse, with the older generation having more crystallised intelligence than younger people in their teenage years. Crystallized intelligence consists of acquired skills and knowledge which comes from ...
In 1983, Howard Gardner a Harvard professor proposed the theory that individual can have multiple ways of learning and processing information. The multiple intelligences consist of 9 different ways and these include: verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, visual-spatial, existential, musical, naturalistic, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. Every individual has a different amount of each intelligence but each intelligence is at a varying level. With the help of a multiple intelligences assessment, I found that my top three multiple intelligences are Intrapersonal, logical, and interpersonal. Within his research Gardner says that “Intrapersonal intelligence refers to people’s ability to recognize and assess those same characteristics
Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence argues intelligence is not just analytical but, a combination of three factors of human ability: analytical, creative, and practical. Analytical intelligence focuses on the ability to acquire knowledge allowing us to learn new processes, solve problems, and perform tasks. Creative intelligence focuses on gaining insight, developing and applying new ideas, adapting creatively to new tasks and, responding effectively in new situations. Practical intelligence focuses on the ability to develop solutions to practical and personal problems confronted in everyday life.