Introduction
Since the end of hunting and fruit gathering as the only source of survival and emergence of animal rearing and agriculture work started to emerge as separate from life. It emerged as a activity in which people engaged themselves so that they can earn enough food and meat to eat and share with family, friends and the tribes men. It was a point of separation of livelihood from job. A man was working till the end of the day to spend his after work hours at leisure. It was a great source of development by providing luxury of time, security of food and physical safety which allowed men to indulge in higher order desires and a host of self actualization needs came out.
This separation of work from life further increased in the era of industrialization where gradually human physical effort was transferred to various machine through the use of power generation and harnessing of power through various means like steam engine to start with and most sophisticated computer controlled automated machines running on fossil fuel, renewable fuels and nuclear power. This development worked in multiple ways. It provides people with means to earn and contribute to social well being through different ways and spend, splurge and consume more and more which require him to earn evermore. The rise of standard of life quietly raised the number of hours to maintane and funds that life style.
Since the time of world war two women joined the industrial work force with great zeal and élan but that also meant that they had to work harder to manage their traditional role as home maker and newer roles as career women. They reacted to this situation in two ways. Some choose to join the work force in what was considered to be softer jobs like shop ass...
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...amily Satisfaction, Job Satisfaction, and Work-Life Balance/ Communication Reports/ July Dec 2013, Vol. 26 Issue 2, p 101- 112
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The inability to achieve “work-life balance” has become a major focus for workplace equality activists. When this topic is brought about it is primarily used to describe how woman cannot have a work and home life but instead are forced to choose. Richard Dorment took on this point of interest from a different perspective in his article “Why Men Still Can’t Have It All” published with esquire. Going against the normal trend he describes how women are not the only ones put into the same sacrificial situations, but instead that men and women alike struggle to balance work and home. Dorment opens up by saying “And the truth is as shocking as it is obvious: No one can have it all.” In doing so Richard Dorment throws out the notion that one
It is fundamental to define “old” and “new” roles of women to make a comparison between them. The “old” role of women in the workplace involved menial jobs, and before World War II, women were expected to remain at home and raise kids. Roughly thirty states enacted laws to prohibit married women from working
In the times of darkness where women used to be worthy enough just to take care of the housework, kids, and husband; accordingly, women were categorized as housewives while men were the ones who work for the livelihood. It is important to highlight the women role in World War II because besides the war, deaths, ambition and misfortune; women during the World War II where for first time in the history; women were valued and they free themselves from the stereotype role they had. The time of labor inequality in the World War II between women and men was staring to break down; however, women were still stigmatized to just be able to work in jobs such as nurse and the textile industry. The timing of the initial advance
In the essay “Work in an Industrial Society” by Erich Fromm, the author explains how work used to carry a profound satisfaction, however today workers only care about their payment for their labor. Fromm opens up with how craftsmanship was developed in the thirteenth and fourteenth century. It was not until the Middle ages, Renaissance and the eighteenth century, when craftsmanship was at its peak. According to C.W. Mills, workers were free to control his or her own working actions, learn from their work and develop their skills and capacities. Despite what Mills says, people today spend their best energy for seven to eight hours a day to produce “something”. Majority of the time, we do not see the final
Jansen, Nicole W. H., et al. "Changes In Working Time Arrangements over Time As A Consequence Of Work-Family Conflict." Chronobiology International: The Journal of Biological & Medical Rhythm Research 27.5 (2010): 1045-1061. Academic Search Premier. Web. 30 Mar. 2014.
INTRO: The role of women transformed drastically between the First World War and after the Second World War (1914-1945). Women weren’t required to perform the ‘traditional’ roles anymore. All over the world women’s roles were changing even though many challenges were in their way. Women fought for equality, the trust of the opposite sex in the workforce and basically any other basic human rights, such as voting. Women went through many obstacles to be where they stand today and that should never be taken as granted. Even though a total equality between men and women might not be in existence, women have come really far from where they started.
To discuss work, one must first of all try to define work. Once one starts to think about this definition however, one finds that there are as many definitions of work as there are people. Experts such as sociologists have been trying to reach a definite answer, yet they can never agree between them. Although it is accepted that work is that time which is not leisure, one is then confounded with trying to find a definition for leisure. Stanley Parker reached a compromise by dividing our time in five sections, merging from pure work to pure leisure. However this difficulty in defining work should point out that these many different definitions lead to different attitudes, with the result that one can never generalise.
In the 1940s, the United Found themselves involved with another world war. Like World War I, the need for women to do a man’s job was in higher demand. Since the United States basically fought two wars at once, one in retaliation to Japan and the other in Europe, more men were drafted and even some women. To help war efforts, some women had to take on the daily grind as some of the men who were fighting for the country. This even meant that women joined the workforce in factories. As more ladies began to work in factories, they began to make the adjustment to how a man would do his job compared to hers. In the novel, “Slacks and Calluses: Our Summer in a Bomber Factory” by Constance Bowman and Clara Marie Allen , provides great insight on two
Women worked mainly in the garment industry. Their working conditions were less than desirable and they worked for lower wages and long hours. Women formed the Industrial Ladies Garment Workers Union to represent laborers in sweatshops. They event...
During the World War II women's role were focused on one thing, taking over what used to be the roles of men. Although jobs such as being a nurse, a teacher or working in the textile department swing and making clothes were still essentially classified as the typical “woman's job”, the war provided them not so much a gateway but a wider job opportunity to work in different fields. Such as in munitions factories, earning the name Munitionettes and working in the Armed Forces. In the munitions factories the women worked in all manner of production ranging from making ammunition to uniforms to aircrafts. They counted bullets which were sent to the soldiers at war, they mended aircrafts used by pilots during the war to shoot down enemies like birds in the sky.
Stone (2007) conducted “extensive, in depth interviews with 54 women in a variety of professions-law, medicine, business, publishing, management consulting, nonprofit administration, and the like- living in major metropolitan areas across the country, half of them in their 30’s, half in their 40’s” (p. 15). Keep in mind these women Stone (2007) focuses on are “highly educated, affluent, mostly white, married women with children who had previously worked as professionals or managers whose husbands could support their being at home” (p. 14). Her findings revealed women are strongly influenced by two factors: workplace push and motherhood pull. “Many workplaces claimed to be “family friendly” and offered a variety of supports. But for women who could take advantage of them, flexible work schedules (which usually meant working part time) carried significant penalties” (Stone, 2007, p. 16). This quote represents the workplace push, where women are feeling encouraged to continue their rigorous careers with little to no family flexibility being offered from workplaces. The motherhood pull is a term used to describe the way mothers feel when they face the pressure of staying home to raise their children while still expected to maintain a steady job. “Motherhood influenced women 's decision to quit as they came to see the rhythms and
This assignment is about comparing and contrasting two different theories in social science understandings of work. The two theories are social division of labour and gendered division of labour and are centrally concerned on how work is defined, allocated and shared.
The Assembly Line changed many of the world’s work force and the lives of the citizens as well. There were more people able to work for the same job and didn’t need an education for the job role. Gender roles as well changed a lot in America, women became more reliable in the factories. According to the United States Department Of Labor, it states that women in the workforce has increased by 53 percent in the past 50 years(DOL). Women have had a vital part in America’s society from the start and if not for them then there would not be the society that their is now.Women have become more and more productive as the times have come, for example, “From 1987 to 1999, the number of women-owned firms in the United States more than doubled.” and “About 40 percent of all businesses in America today are owned by women”(1). Even though women aim to become more prominent in the world's workforce they still have to face challenges that they can’t solve themselves. Stated by the United States Department of Labor, “ Despite progress, women business owners still face obstacles. Securing sufficient financing to take a business to the “next step” remains one of the largest inhibitors”(2). Woman have come a long way, but still do not have the power to accomplish what they
There have always been various problems on how employees balance family life and work life. This is a problem that many employees from different organizations face. The challenge here is that they are not able to balance both lives. This in most cases leads to neglect of one life and giving too much attention to the other. This has been a major problem to many employees. They have always complained of how difficult it can be when a person tries to balance both lives (Philipsen & Bostic, 2010). This has been a big issue that should be tackled with a lot of concern. There has always been a need for people to be able to live comfortably with their families and to have a good working life in the work area. People should be taught on how to balance family life and work and to be able to give equal attention to both lives. This can be made possible by training and enlightening people on how these two can be achieved. There is need for all employees to learn how they ensure that they give equal attention to their family life and work life.
Historically, males and females normally assume different kinds of jobs with varying wages in the workplace. These apparent disparities are widely recognized and experienced across the globe, and the most general justification for these differences is that they are the direct outcomes of discrimination or traditional gender beliefs—that women are the caregivers and men are the earners. However, at the turn of the new century women have revolutionized their roles in the labor market. Specifically in industrialized societies, the social and economic position of women has shifted. Despite of the improving participation of women in the labor force and their ameliorating proficiency and qualifications, the labor force is still not so favorable to women. The opportunities available for women in the market are not as diverse as those presented to men. Still, the construct of gender ideology influences how employers undertake economic decisions, and that is why companies still have jobs labelled as “men’s work” and occupations categorized as “women’s work.” Indeed, the pervasiveness of gender differences in labor markets is undeniably true, specifically with respect to salary gap between men and women, occupational gender segregation of men and women, and the challenge that women face in terms of juggling their time and attention between their career and family life.