More handpicked essays just for you.
Effect of environment on child development
Effect of environment on child development
Influence of environment on child development
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
The findings and conclusions of the Illyria Study of the ‘Twelfth Night’ Twins Separated in Early Childhood are discussed in this article. The ‘Twelfth Night Twins’ study is a project that began in 2008 whose primary researchers include A. Captain, M. Feste, B. Malvolio , A. Aguecheek, and T. Belch. The most commonly recognised ‘Twelfth Night Twins’ studies have concentrated on two aspects of human functioning: cognitive ability and personality.
The conclusions of Captain et al. have been widely reported, and their participants, the ‘Twelfth Night Twins’, have been the subject of news reports about separated non-identical twins who discover their supposedly remarkable similarities upon being reunited.
In 2008, Captain et al. began to study twins who were separated during early childhood and raised in different families. His findings conclude that the similarities between twins are due to genes, not environment.
Captain et al (2010) - the Twelfth Night Twins
Viola and Sebastian first met on September the 22nd, 2010, after 50 years of being separated by adoption at the age of two. When studied by behavioural psychologist, Dr Antonio Captain, astonishing similarities were uncovered in their lives and behaviour. Both had been adopted by separate families on opposite sides of Illyria therefore had grown up within 60 miles of each other. They both had married once; Viola to a man named Orsino, Sebastian to a woman named Olivia. Both had adoptive uncles who were drunkards. They shared interests in boating, their favourite school subject had been English, and their least favourite was geography. They got headaches at the same time of day.
Their strange similarities made them perfect candidates for behavioural research, as did the fact...
... middle of paper ...
...responses.
The polygraph machine registered irregularities in Viola’s reactions at the exact moment that Sebastian was shocked. The evidence is even more valid when you consider that the twins had not been forewarned about the experiment, so there was no chance for rehearsal or to ‘stage’ their reactions.
This experiment underwent scrutiny with regards to ethical considerations. Other psychologists, headed by Dr Malvolio, state: ‘Dr M Feste’s participants did not give informed consent when they agreed to take part. They were deceived about aspects of the study and didn’t have enough information for an informed decision.’ However Dr Maria Feste argued that without deception, the results of the study may have been affected because if the twins were forewarned about the content of the experiment, rehearsal may have affected the validity and corrupted the final outcome.
The Asch and Milgram’s experiment were not unethical in their methods of not informing the participant of the details surrounding the experiment and the unwarranted stress; their experiment portrayed the circumstances of real life situation surrounding the issues of obedience to authority and social influence. In life, we are not given the courtesy of knowledge when we are being manipulated or influenced to act or think a certain way, let us be honest here because if we did know people were watching and judging us most of us would do exactly as society sees moral, while that may sound good in ensuring that we always do the right thing that would not be true to the ways of our reality. Therefore, by not telling the participants the detail of the experiment and inflicting unwarranted stress Asch and Milgram’s were
Upon analyzing his experiment, Stanley Milgram, a Yale psychologist, concludes that people will drive to great lengths to obey orders given by a higher authority. The experiment, which included ordinary people delivering “shocks” to an unknown subject, has raised many questions in the psychological world. Diana Baumrind, a psychologist at the University of California and one of Milgram’s colleagues, attacks Milgram’s ethics after he completes his experiment in her review. She deems Milgram as being unethical towards the subjects he uses for testing and claims that his experiment is irrelevant to obedience. In contrast, Ian Parker, a writer for New Yorker and Human Sciences, asserts Milgram’s experiments hold validity in the psychological world. While Baumrind focuses on Milgram’s ethics, Parker concentrates more on the reactions, both immediate and long-term, to his experiments.
Twins are truly fascinating from the time of separation of the embryo to birth; and still the complexity of twinning is not yet fully understood among the scientific world. Scientists have studied the human body from the time of prenatal development to birth, and still are in awe of the formation of twins. Research in twinning is ever more increasing in this field, leadi...
Many twin studies have also shown results that genetically identical twins (MZ) have a greater number of inheriting depression than non-identical twins (DZ). For instance an experiment carried out by Prince in 1968 expected that MZ twins would have a higher concordance for depression compared to DZ twins. Results found were that the MZ twins who were raised in the same environment/family showed a concordance of 68% and DZ twins had a lower concordance of 28% for bipolar disorder only. This is evidenc...
Dr. Eileen Pearlman says that “The separation and individuation process begins early in life, and for some twins it takes longer than others as not only do twins need to learn to separate and individuate from their mothers but they also have to learn to separate and individuate from each other.” The constant comparison from individuals looking into their life can make this harder for twins. People need to understand that with being a twin there are advantages but also disadvantages. People and even family members of twins can fail to realize this. The figment of people's imagination is that twins get along, have similar tastes, and are the exactly alike, almost the same
As I walk through the crowded mall with my sister, little children stare, most adults do a discreet double take, and some bold adults question us outright. “Wow, are you twins?” “Do you know you look the same?” “What’s it like to be a twin?” “Do you have, like, psychic powers, or something with each other?” These are the most common questions twins hear. Almost all twins don’t really mind them and sometimes the attention is cool. Mostly, we just smile tolerantly at each other and answer them as best we can. After all, we don’t really know how to describe being a twin. We have never known anything else. Nonetheless, here we are. So, as a person who might not know exactly what she is talking about, I will try to briefly explanation to the general public the experience of being a genetic quirk.
Do twins really have this unnatural psychic connection or are they just playing a trick on us? With personal experience I can confirm it exists. When we were young, we did not notice the coincidences of saying the same thing at the same time with the same tone or doing the same thing at the same time, but as we grew, they did not feel like coincidences anymore. We were seven years old, and it was a hot summer day, almost ninety degrees without a cloud in the sky. Taylor was out riding her bike and I was inside with my mom. Randomly, I got a strong sense of trouble and anxiety towards my sister. I found her lying in the street with her bicycle pinning her to the asphalt, unable to move, with a car speeding down our street. I wasn’t the strongest child, but my fight or flight hormone took over as I was able to sprint across the black top, burning my feet with every step. I reached her within seconds and pulled her body to the side of the road where the car couldn’t reach her. I am not sure why I got a feeling of trouble, but if I had not, that car could have hit her. My sister and I feel the same pain. At ten years old, I was severely injured tearing several ligaments in my knee. Later, on the same day as my injury, my sister came home complaining of random pain in the same area with no trauma to her body or knowledge that I injured mine. She continued to get pain for no reason as I got pain in my knee. Also, at cheerleading
In Twelfth Night, young Viola encounters different types of challenges, from being shipwrecked and losing her twin brother, to dealing with complex personal relationships, including her own unrequited love for Duke Orsino. When Viola is washed up on the island of Illyria, she makes the bold decision to disguise herself as a man to serve Orsino, the local count, and takes great care to maintain this deception which allows her to survive as a woman without any living male relatives. While both Odysseus and Viola demonstrate boldness in the face of sudden adversity, and both display quick thinking and wit to help them in difficult times, Odysseus’ actions reveal a rash side to his personality that repeatedly imperils his journey, whereas Viola shows self-restraint that lets her remain successfully disguised till the end of the
The reunion of the twins is the inevitable climax of the play; before this time, Sebastian has had no idea that Viola could still be alive, so the disbelief at seeing her again, and dressed to look like him, is insane. At last,
Complications also arose when viola fell in love with her master, duke orsino, while at the same time had the love interest of orsino, the countess Olivia, trying to woo her. This placed viola in an extremely difficult and complex situation on one hand, she loved the duke and would have liked to do all she could to win his heart. But because she was his servant, she was obliged to serve him and help him win the hand of Olivia. What was a poor girl to do ?
In Shakespeare’s comedy Twelfth Night the great bard uses humor and mistaken identity not only to poke fun at romantic stories of “perfect love” and the foolish behavior of the aristocrats, but also to reveal man’s anxieties surrounding courtship, gender performance, and love as a whole. The portion of the play I have chosen to analyze are lines 188-256 in Act 5 scene one when Sebastian enters the stage and discovers Viola alive. The siblings give information about themselves to determine each other’s identity before Viola finally reveals herself to be female, allowing the farce to come to an end and the characters to return to their normal roles. Viola then declares her love for Orsino and he accepts her affections. While this scene is certainly
In Shakespeare 's well known play Twelfth Night, which takes place somewhere in Illyria, Lady Olivia is an independent, powerful, wealthy but single woman; the sudden deaths of her father and brother has left her in sadness alone in a big castle to herself. She has her relative Sir Toby Belch who was still around and visited her. Orsino, a duke, has a huge crush on her and is trying to have her to himself. Meanwhile, the jealous steward Malvolio who also has a crush on Lady Olivia, is a guy who is full of himself and acts like he 's king, he forgets where his place is sometimes. In Olivia 's house there is the weak and foolish Sir Andrew who has a crush on Olivia and is wishing one day he would get a chance with her. are also these twins,Viola and Sebastian. They have been shipwrecked and isolated from each other, so Viola thinks Sebastian is dead, and Sebastian thinks viola is dead. Later Viola decides to disguise herself as a messenger and call herself Cesario so she can work for Orsino. Since Viola was so pretty and the way she used her words were great, she won Orsino’s trust. Orsino tells Cesario
It is true that identical twins who are raised together have many things in common,
The action of Twelfth Night begins shortly after a damaging tempest shipwrecks the heroine, casting her upon foreign shores. Upon arrival in this strange seaport, Viola--like the Princess Leonide--dons male disguise which facilitates both employment and time enough to orient herself in this unfamiliar territory.
.... Ironically, it is Sebastian who becomes the imitation- he now has to play Cesario, taking over Viola’s role, and with Feste’s final song foreshadowing unrest, Shakespeare may be hinting at the chaos to come from the false marriage.