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Plato's literary texts
Plato's literary texts
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The Symposium is a book written by Greek Philosopher Plato, dated in c.385-380 b.c. Plato was a student of Socrates as well as a writer and scholar. Amongst many other things like mathematician and scientist Plato helped pave the way to western philosophy.
Composed for all who are curious of love and want to further their understandings of love. The symposium tells a story about what love truly is, and how love exactly works, along with the nature, purpose, and idea of love. The book is constructed by a sequence of speeches given by a variety of men who all play an important role at the symposium.
The symposium/drinking party is an elite male social gathering where men drank, ate together, discussed an array of topics ranging from love, sex, philosophy, and enjoyed each other in a vivacious environment. The symposium was the equidistant of traditional values, as well as an event that administered freedom in a regulated and controlled atmosphere, where the men could escape from the everyday life of a Greek man. This particular symposium was a special event to take place. This was the evening Agathon hosted the drinking party, due to his first victory at the theater contest of Dionysian (416 b.c) and the discussion of love was to take place.
The first speech given at the symposium was given by Phaedrus, a young man and a admirer of Socrates. In Phaedrus’s speech he discusses that gods and human think highly of love, as great and awesome for multiple reasons. He says love is a god much older than all the other gods and teaches us shame and pride depending on our everyday actions. He also suggests that the god of love is capable of guaranteeing our happiness in our life and next life.
Pausanias is second to speak, he is a l...
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...e Athenian men. The symposium not only embraces the philosophical standpoint of love, but with the variety of perspectives on love, it has been the stepping-stone to what we think of love today.
Overall, it is not clear exactly what exactly is going on in the discussion of the symposium. Are the men discussing human love, love as a word, or love as a whole? Regardless of why the symposium was written, and why the discussion of love took place, it paints a beautiful picture of the inside of symposiums. We are able to grasp a sense of the vibrant sexual attraction, and how all men look upon Socrates as the wisest of all. In the symposium Plato values an asexual existence and rejects the romance of sexual love. His belief is that the true virtue is the wisdom and passion for beauty and that the search for wisdom is the highest quality of all life pursuits.
Images of male homosocial and homoerotic relations pervade Athenian culture. From plays to poetry and jugs to the justice system one can find these relations represented pictorially and in words. But do all these images align with each other or are there irreconcilable differences between them? To look at this question we will take two small pieces of culture, a philosophical treatise, Plato's Symposium and the lyric poetry of Theognis and Anacreon.
Symposium is set during a festival for Dionysus, the goddess of fertility; this setting emphasizes the sexual expectations of society that Alcibiades must confront. During fertility festivals, "the Athenians would carry phalluses around the city in ribald celebration" (Rudall 5);1 the phallus in Athens was a symbol of both fertility and eroticism. The Athenians, concerned with the potential extinction of the human race, performed rituals during these festivals that celebrated the phallus as the means of the reproduction of human life. Thus, heterosexual relationships were justified by the creation of children, and the focus of the celebration of the phallus was its productive nature. This focus on productivity created a social expectation that sexual relationships should be productive.
Plato's Phaedrus is a conversation between Socrates and Phaedrus. In this conversation the young Phaedrus is overjoyed to tell Socrates of the speech that he had just heard Lysias, "The best writer living" (Plato Phaedrus 22), tell. In this speech Lysias uses his rhetorical skills to argue that physical love without emotional attachment is preferable to physical love with emotional attachment, "That is the clever thing about it; he makes out that an admirer who is not in love is to be preferred to one who is" (Plato Phaedrus 22). Socrates listens to this speech, as relayed by Phaedrus and quickly becomes aware that this speech was a ploy by Lysias to get Phaedrus into bed with him. Socrates then fashions a speech, on the spot, that argues the same points that Lysias did. Socrates? speech is going well but is interrupted by "divine sign." Socrates then has to fashion a new speech that renounces the blasphemous nature of the first. Socrates? second speech contains the famous image of love as a charioteer with two horses. He also addresses the nature of the soul and the effects that love has on it (which will be ...
The first chapter begins with an exploration of love and marriage in many ancient and current cultures. Surprisingly many cultures either avoid the discussion of love in marriage or spit on the idea completely. China and other societies believed that love was simply a product of marriage and shouldn’t get too out of hand, while a few Greek and Roman philosophers shunned excessive
The ideas presented by the patrons in Plato’s Symposium differed immensely. All pertaining to a main topic, being love, but none having the same conclusion. Two speeches in particular, those of Pausanias and Aristophanes, seemed to oppose the most. Many elements of their arguments contradicted that of the others, none more than the origin of love and the whom is the eromenos of love.
In Plato’s account, Socrates, the greatest philosopher in Athens, provides structure and direction for the speeches about love. He is the key speaker, and the most important guest. However, In Carver’s story, the key speaker is Mel who goes off in fragments and fails to reach any conclusion of what love is. “‘I’ll tell you what real love is,’ Mel said. ‘I mean, I’ll give you a good example… ‘What do any of us really know about love?’” (144) Interestingly enough, Mel follows his bold, confident statement with a question instead of continuing his thought. He literally questions himself and everyone around him, diminishing everything he says from there. Also, Socrates is known for questioning supposed “experts” to collapse their argument or bring them to a higher truth. This method is known as Socratic irony, which Plato displays after Agathon’s speech. “‘Would you also let me ask Agathon a few small questions, Phaedrus?’ asked Socrates. ‘Then, once I’ve got his agreement to certain matters, I’ll be in a position to deliver my speech. ‘Yes, please do ask him your questions,’ Phaedrus replied.” (380) Socrates seems to entertain discussion to find truth. Mel is more concerned on lecturing, and what he has to say. Mel is the entire discussion, and any outside statements become a distraction. “‘Just shut up for once in your life,’ Mel said very quietly. ‘Will you do me a favor and do that
In the Symposium, written by Plato, Socrates and others engage in a dialogue in the home of Agathon on love. Instead of "singing the honours" (94) of love like the other participants, Socrates uses a retelling of a discussion that he had with a woman named Diotima to tell the audience of what he perceives to be the truth of love.
I have always thought that there was only one type of love, which was that feeling of overwhelming liking to someone else. I am aware that Lust does exist and that it is separate from Love, being that the desire for someone's body rather their mind. In Plato's Symposium, Plato speaks of many different types of love, loves that can be taken as lust as well. He writes about seven different points of view on love coming from the speakers that attend the symposium in honor of Agathon. Although all these men bring up excellent points on their definitions on love, it is a woman that makes the best definition be known. I will concentrate on the difference between the theory of Common and Heavenly love brought up by Pausanias and the important role that Diotima plays in the symposium.
In the Symposium, a most interesting view on love and soul mates are provided by one of the characters, Aristophanes. In the speech of Aristophanes, he says that there is basically a type of love that connects people. Aristophanes begins his description of love by telling the tale of how love began. He presents the tale of three sexes: male, female, and a combination of both. These three distinct sexes represented one’s soul. These souls split in half, creating a mirror image of each one of them. Aristophanes describes love as the search for the other half of your soul in this quote: “When a man’s natural form was split in two, each half went round looking for its other half. They put their arms around one another, and embraced each other, in their desire to grow together again. Aristophanes theme is the power of Eros and how not to abuse it.
Can a simple emotion such as love be regarded as one of the greatest weapons to create or attain power? It’s a renowned fact that human beings are by nature designed to need, crave, and even require love as part of their survival mechanisms. It comes to no surprise that one of the first accounts of antique poetry maintains love and the craving for it as its main theme; thereby, reinforcing the deep importance that it upholds in the lives of many individuals. Sappho’s “Deathless Aphrodite” clearly epitomizes the suffering and bitterness that arises from an unrequited love. In Sappho’s case, which portrays the case of many, she constantly finds herself in loneliness and despair for though she tries repeatedly, she is only let down recurrently as no one reciprocates the love she gives. It is only the Greek goddess Aphrodite, who holds
This passage marks the first of several types of love, and gives us an intuitive
In Plato’s work Symposium, Phaedrus, Pausania, Eryximachus, Aristophane and Agathon, each of them presents a speech to either praise or definite Love. Phaedrus first points out that Love is the primordial god; Pausanias brings the theme of “virtue” into the discussion and categorizes Love into “good” one or “bad” one; Eryximachus introduces the thought of “moderation’ and thinks that Love governs such fields as medicine and music; Aristophanes draws attention to the origin and purposes of Love; Agathon enunciates that the correct way to present an eulogy is first to praise its nature and gifts. As the last speaker, and the most important one, Socrates connects his ideas with Diotima of Mantinea’s story of Love’s origin, nature and purpose. Different from the earlier five speakers who regard Love as an object and praise different sides of it, Socrates, referring to Diotima’s idea, considers Love as a pursuit of beauty gradually from “physical beauty of people in general” (Symposium, Plato, 55) to the “true beauty” (55).
Love is a concept that has puzzled humanity for centuries. This attachment of one human being to another, not seen as intensely in other organisms, is something people just cannot wrap their heads around easily. So, in an effort to understand, people write their thoughts down. Stories of love, theories of love, memories of love; they all help us come closer to better knowing this emotional bond. One writer in particular, Sei Shōnagon, explains two types of lovers in her essay "A Lover’s Departure": the good and the bad.
In classical Greek literature the subject of love is commonly a prominent theme. However, throughout these varied texts the subject of Love becomes a multi-faceted being. From this common occurrence in literature we can assume that this subject had a large impact on day-to-day life. One text that explores the many faces of love in everyday life is Plato’s Symposium. In this text we hear a number of views on the subject of love and what the true nature of love is. This essay will focus on a speech by Pausanius. Pausanius’s speech concentrates on the goddess Aphrodite. In particular he looks at her two forms, as a promoter of “Celestial Love” as well as “Common Love.” This idea of “Common Love” can be seen in a real life context in the tragedy “Hippolytus” by Euripides. This brings the philosophical views made by Pausanius into a real-life context.
with some very different views of love as brought to us by Agathon, Phaedrus and