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The nonviolent movement for civil rights assignment
The nonviolent movement for civil rights assignment
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SNCC: Civil Rights Research Project
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee or popularly called SNCC (Sn-ick) was a student-led group of black college students during 1960. SNCC was one of the strongest civil rights organizations throughout 1960 and 1970. At the time, many social conflicts between the pigmentation of skin and physical violence were prominent in American society. Racism, specifically in the South of the United States during 1960, was an enormous decade of conflict in the space separating White and Colored individuals. In the brutally changing political atmosphere of the 60's, SNCC attempted to characterize its motivation as it battled white persecution. Out of SNCC came some of today's black political leaders, for example,
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This started a movement of peaceful sit-ins in towns across the South of the U.S. The SNCC was created to certify the philosophical or religious prefect of peacefulness as the establishment of their movement. Ella Baker, a director of the SCLC (also a civil rights group) became a pioneer of the SNCC. Strangely, at the point when the SNCC initially began they debilitated becoming an organization. However, they declined as they stayed a movement. The SNCC had some impactful developments, beginning off with proceeding with sit-ins. The first peaceful sit-in occurred in Greensboro, North Carolina. SNCC composed these sit-ins the country over, supported leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr., and promoted the pursuit of the group. In April, nearly 142 students participated from 11 states different states and me in Raleigh, North Carolina, and voted to set up another gathering to organize the sit-ins, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. advised the students that their selflessness to go to prison would "[...] be the thing to awaken the dozing conscience of many of our white brothers.". However, the SNCC endured struggled at educating their purpose and motivation to the public while fighting to suppress white oppression. During these sit-in many of these students would be tormented by white students, being either physically beat up, pouring ketchup or sugar on the students, or
"Greensboro Sit-In and the Sit-In Movement." History. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Web. 7 Dec. 2013. .
One of the first documented incidents of the sit-ins for the civil rights movement was on February 1, 1960 in Nashville, Tennessee. Four college African-Americans sat at a lunch counter and refused to leave. During this time, blacks were not allowed to sit at certain lunch counters that were reserved for white people. These black students sat at a white lunch counter and refused to leave. This sit-in was a direct challenge to southern tradition. Trained in non-violence, the students refused to fight back and later were arrested by Nashville police. The students were drawn to activist Jim Lossen and his workshops of non-violence. The non-violent workshops were training on how to practice non-violent protests. John Lewis, Angela Butler, and Diane Nash led students to the first lunch counter sit-in. Diane Nash said, "We were scared to death because we didn't know what was going to happen." For two weeks there were no incidences with violence. This all changed on February 27, 1960, when white people started to beat the students. Nashville police did nothing to protect the black students. The students remained true to their training in non-violence and refused to fight back. When the police vans arrived, more than eighty demonstrators were arrested and summarily charged for disorderly conduct. The demonstrators knew they would be arrested. So, they planned that as soon as the first wave of demonstrators was arrested, a second wave of demonstrators would take their place. If and when the second wave of demonstrators were arrested and removed, a third would take their place. The students planned for multiple waves of demonstrators.
Board of Education case. Unlike the SCLC, SNCC was founded by African American college students whose original motives were non-violent Sit-ins and Freedom rides on interstate buses to determine whether or not southern states would enforce laws versus segregation in public transport. As SNCC became more politically active, its members faced violence increasingly. The SNCC responded by migrating from non-violence means to a philosophy with greater militancy after the mid-1960s, as a facet of late 20th-century black nationalism, a proponent of the burgeoning “black power” movement. The shift became personified when Stokely Carmichael replaced John Lewis. In December 1961, in a join effort, the SNCC and SCLC amongst other organizations launched a major campaign in Albany, Georgia, sparked by the civil rights bill which was then pending in congress. This was the high point of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee’s efforts and became popularly known as “Freedom Summer.” The objective of the campaign was to register disenfranchised African American to vote in hopes that they could have the bill passed. The effort especially drew massive attention, even national, when three of the SNCC’s workers, Andrew Goodman of New York, James E. Chaney of Mississippi, and Michael H. Schwerner, were killed by members of the Ku Klux Klan. The crusade brought visibility to the civil rights struggle which laid the groundwork for the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of
The 1960’s was a happening decade. It was a time when many people came together for a common good and stood against injustice. The 60’s is often recalled as the era of the peace sign, one ridden with hippies, marijuana and pacifism. While true of much of the era, some of the movements calling for immense social change began as non-violent harbingers of change and later became radicals. The reason for this turn to radicalism, as seen in the case of the Students for a Democratic Society, and as suggested by the change between this organizations earlier Port Huron statement and the later Weatherman Manifesto, is due to the gradual escalation of the Vietnam war.
Civil disobedience was key in the pursuit of equality for African Americans during the Civil Rights Movement. Through forms of peaceful protest, African Americans were able to bring to light the socio-economic inequalities they faced and forced the government and general public to do something about it. Sit-ins, one method of practicing civil disobedience, took root in the early 1960s and quickly became a popular and effective form of peaceful protest. James Baldwin makes a very brief note of sit-ins in his essay “Down at the Cross”. Its brief mention is probably due to the time at which the essay was written, just before sit-ins became a national phenomenon. At first glance, one may think that Baldwin doesn‘t think much change will happen from the sit-in movement. However, the urgency to take immediate action as described in his essay hints toward sit-ins as being a possible solution to ending discrimination in public spaces.
A decade following the Journey of Reconciliation, the civil rights movement expanded enormously. Once a 1956 Supreme Court decision rendered the Montgomery’s segregated bus system illegal, CORE, now associated with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), decided it was time to force the Southern states to uphold the federal law the Journey of Reconciliation had attempted to highlight.
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC, was created on the campus of Shaw University in Raleigh in April 1960. SNCC was created after a group of black college students from North Carolina A&T University refused to leave a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina where they had been denied service. This sparked a wave of other sit-ins in college towns across the South. SNCC coordinated these sit-ins across the nation, supported their leaders, and publicized their activities. SNCC sought to affirm the philosophical or religious ideal of nonviolence as the foundation of their purpose. In the violently changing political climate of the 60’s, SNCC struggled to define its purpose as it fought white oppression. Out of SNCC came some of today's black leaders, such as former Washington, D.C. mayor Marion Barry, Congressman John Lewis and NAACP chairman Julian Bond. Together with hundreds of other students, they left a lasting impact on American history.
The Civil Rights Movement was a series of actions that really peaked in the 1960's. These political actions were aimed at gaining rights for African Americans. However, there were two ways of going about the movement. There were ones who protested peacefully, like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and others who wanted a more pro-active way of fighting, like the black-rights activist Malcolm X. However, which way was more proactive? Even though both had great intentions, Dr. Martin Luther King had a better way of trying to achieve rights for the African American community.
The DCVL and organizers from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee started working for voting registration for blacks in 1963. The white resistance to black voter registration was very extreme in the south. Racist southerners would threaten blacks that would try to register even though it was completely within the black’s rights. Eventually the DCVL asked the Southern Christian Leadership Conference; which was led by Martin Luther King Jr. for help. The SCLC and King brought many civil rights leaders to help with the marches. The SCLC was with majority of protests in the south pertaining to the rights or lack of rights for blacks in the south.
Since its beginning, and with increasing emphasis since World War II, the NAACP has advocated nonviolent protests against discrimination and has disapproved of extremist black groups such as SNCC and the Black Panthers in the 1960s and 70s and CORE and the Nation of Islam in the 1980s and 90s, many of which criticized the organization as passive.... ... middle of paper ... ... DuBois, Thurgood Marshall and Roy Wilkens and the hundreds of thousands of nameless faces who worked tirelessly cannot and must not be forgotten (NAACP 1). The history of the NAACP is one of blood, sweat and tears.
SNCC came together in 1960, from an action of four college students that thought it was time for them to be served at a lunch counter. This movement sparked a flame in all college students. The committee was found on April 16 1960 in Raleigh North Carolina. Ella Baker the executive director of the SCLC, became one of the first leaders of the movement. When the SNCC first started out they discouraged the ideal of becoming an organization, they wanted to be a movement. The SNCC had some great movements, starting off with continuing the sit-ins.
It began on February 1, 1960, in Greensboro, North Carolina when four black students seated themselves at the whites only lunch counter and refused to leave until they were served. After the first sit-in, it began happening all over the country and by the end of the year, 70,000 blacks staged sit-ins. Throughout this, over 3,600 people were arrested. This movement was successful, but it demonstrated non-violent protests. After this movement began, several organizations developed. Such programs include; The NAACP, SNCC, SCLC, CORE, and the Black Panthers. The NAACP stands for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, while the SNCC stands for the Student Non Violent Coordinating Committee. The SCLC stands for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference who started a segregation protest traveling to Birmingham, Alabama who had the reputation of one of the most segregated cities in the United States. On May 2, 1963, over six hundred protesters were arrested, and the majority was teenage high schoolers. The next day, the police chief, Bull Conor, ordered his police officers to shoot the protestors with high-powered water hoses ordered their dogs to attack them. By the end of the march, only twenty people reached the City Hall. After the Birmingham demonstrations, the blacks gained support from the people from the North because they witnessed how violent the South was towards the black protestors. The CORE is for the Congress of Racial Equality and started the first series of Freedom Riders in May of 1961. They traveled on two interstate buses starting in Washington D.C. and traveling to New Orleans. The people who disagreed with this movement threw stones and burnt these traveling buses in order to show their dislikeness of the blacks. All of these programs promoted rights for African Americans. The Black Panthers was organized by the SNCC and became popular in the late 60's. It was founded in Oakland, California after they protested the bill that outlawed carrying loaded weapons in public.
This is not only shown by the successful nature of the bus boycott, but it is shown through the success of Martin Luther King’s SCLC, or Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The conference was notable for peaceful protesting, nonviolence, and civil disobedience. Thanks to the SCLC, sit-ins and boycotts became popular during this time, adding to the movement’s accomplishments. The effective nature of the sit-in was shown during 1960 when a group of four black college students sat down at a Woolworth’s lunch counter in hopes of being served. While they were not served the first time they commenced their sit-in, they were not forced to leave the establishment; their lack of response to the heckling and ill-treatment they received inspired blacks throughout the deep South to imitate their actions....
In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of the Brown v. the Board of Education. This was a very historical moment because their ruling eliminated, the "separate but equal " doctrine. Their ruling called for school integration, although most school were very slow in complying if they complied at all. The NAACP, National Association for the Advancement of Color People, viewed this ruling as a success. The schools lack of the obedience toward this ruling, made it necessary for black activism to make the federal government implement the ruling, and possibly help close the racial gap that existed in places other than public schools. During one of the boycotts for equality, a leader emerged that would never be forgotten. Dr. Martin Luther King, who was leader of the Montgomery bus boycott, quickly became the spokesperson for racial equality. He believed that the civil rights movement would have more success if the black people would use non violent tactics. Some say he was adopting the style of Ghandi. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference, SCLC, was formed by King and other activist in 1957. They were a group of black ministers and activist who agreed to try and possibly help others see the effects of a non violent movement. Also following the strategies set by the SCLC, a group known as the SNCC or the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, began a string of sit-in and campaigns as the black population continued it's fight for equality. It was the undying efforts of the two groups that paved the way for the march on Washington. This march which drew a crowd of at least 200,000, was the place that Dr. King, gave his famous "dream speech." Both the SNCC, and the SCLC were victims of lots of threats and attempted attacks, yet they continued to pursue freedom in a non violent fashion. However near the late 60's they had another problem on their hands. There was a group of activist known as the Black Panthers who were not so eager to adopt the non-violent rule. The believed that the civil rights movement pushed by Dr. King and is non-violent campaign, which was meant to give blacks the right to vote and eliminate segregation, was not solving problems faced in poor black communities. This Black Panther group, stabled the term "black power", which was used a sort of uplifting for the black self esteem.
From the Boston Tea Party of 1773, the Civil Rights Movement and the Pro-Life Movement of the 1960s, to the Tea Party Movement and Occupy Wall Street Movement of current times, “those struggling against unjust laws have engaged in acts of deliberate, open disobedience to government power to uphold higher principles regarding human rights and social justice” (DeForrest, 1998, p. 653) through nonviolent protests. Perhaps the most well-known of the non-violent protests are those associated with the Civil Rights movement. The movement was felt across the south, yet Birmingham, Alabama was known for its unequal treatment of blacks and became the focus of the Civil Rights Movement. Under the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr., president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, African-Americans in Birmingham, began daily demonstrations and sit-ins to protest discrimination at lunch counters and in public facilities. These demonstrations were organized to draw attention to the injustices in the city.