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The roles of men in a patriarchal society
Gender roles in ancient china
Gender roles in ancient china
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Recommended: The roles of men in a patriarchal society
Sexual equality a concept that most of us we are longing for in the society nowadays. However, it is nothing more than a dream in the past Chinese lineage-dominated society. It is a society that famous for men are superior to women. According to Prof. Ma, men and women are treated differently in Chinese lineage-dominated society. For example, in family, workplace and politics aspect, men had absolute power and right on decision making whereas women are not entitled to or nearly forbidden to involve in the above aspect. Women even were considered as outsiders when the married as if they were only the machine of reproduction and housework. This indicated that female in Chinese lineage-dominated society were by no means treated fairly. Nonetheless, the situation has changed since several decades ago, women gained higher status in workplace as well as in the family. Female are not trapped by those feudal way of thinking anymore. This essay will argue that the gender role has been changed and tends to sexual equality and women have higher social status than before.
In the family aspect, female in the typical Chinese-lineage dominated society owned little freedom as well as the right of coming to grips of properties. All of the above happened, according to prof. Ma, owing to women were defined as not trust-worthy and considered as outsiders. With this being prevalent, female, no matter married or not, are expected to stay at home. They were responsible for all the housework and daily living needs foe the family. Thanks to the domination of patrilineal values, women`s social life was dominated as well as blocked. The gender role of male in the family are mainly the leader of the family and the sources of the family income. Thus, it can...
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...tures and Values (L1) Gender and Family-Chinese lineage system and gender . . Retrieved , from http://lmes2.ust.hk/access/content/group/9483bdb1-df35-4fc3-a7ad-a8c8fcec56ef/Lecture%20PPTs/Week%206%20Lecture%20PPT%20_Mar%2010_.pdf
Ma, J. (2014, March 10). HUMA 1000 Cultures and Values (L1) Gender and Family-Chinese lineage system and gender . . Retrieved , from http://lmes2.ust.hk/access/content/group/9483bdb1-df35-4fc3-a7ad-a8c8fcec56ef/Lecture%20PPTs/Week%206%20Lecture%20PPT%20_Mar%2010_.pdf
Anne Kinney, "Ancient China," in Children and Youth in History, Item #187, http://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/teaching-modules/187 (accessed April 16, 2014)
Litke, M. (n.d.). Some Chinese Leaving Baby Girls for Dead. ABC News. Retrieved , from http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=130158
Women in China. (2014, April 15). Wikipedia. Retrieved , from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_China
China was not only patriarchal, but also patrilineal. This means that family descent could only be counted through the men. Woman were not able to pass on lineage or surnames except under very rare circumstances. Ancestor worship was very important in this culture, and only the
Ban Zhao wrote Lessons for a Woman around the end of the first century C.E. as social guide for (her daughters and other) women of Han society (Bulliet 167). Because Zhao aimed to educate women on their responsibilities and required attributes, one is left questioning what the existing attitudes and roles of women were to start with. Surprisingly, their positions were not automatically fixed at the bottom of the social hierarchy. Ban Zhao’s own status as an educated woman of high social rank exemplifies the “reality [that] a woman’s status depended on her “location” within various social institutions’ (167). This meant that women had different privileges and opportunities depending on their economic, social, or political background. Wealthier noble women would likely have access to an education and may have even been able to wield certain political power (167). Nevertheless, women relinquished this power within the family hierarchy to their fathers, husbands, and sons. Despite her own elevated social status, Ban Zhao still considered herself an “unworthy writer”, “unsophisticated”, “unenlightened’, “unintelligent”, and a frequent disgrace to her and her husband’s family (Zhao). Social custom was not, however, the only driving force behind Zhao’s desire to guide women towards proper behavior.
In her book, The House of Lim, author Margery Wolf observes the Lims, a large Chinese family living in a small village in Taiwan in the early 1960s (Wolf iv). She utilizes her book to portray the Lim family through multiple generations. She provides audiences with a firsthand account of the family life and structure within this specific region and offers information on various customs that the Lims and other families participate in. She particularly mentions and explains the marriage customs that are the norm within the society. Through Wolf’s ethnography it can be argued that parents should not dec5pide whom their children marry. This argument is obvious through the decline in marriage to simpua, or little girls taken in and raised as future daughter-in-laws, and the influence parents have over their children (Freedman xi).
Firstly, the relationship expectations in Chinese customs and traditions were strongly held onto. The daughters of the Chinese family were considered as a shame for the family. The sons of the family were given more honour than the daughters. In addition, some daughters were even discriminated. “If you want a place in this world ... do not be born as a girl child” (Choy 27). The girls from the Chinese family were considered useless. They were always looked down upon in a family; they felt as if the girls cannot provide a family with wealth. Chinese society is throwing away its little girls at an astounding rate. For every 100 girls registered at birth, there are 118 little boys in other words, nearly one seventh of Chinese girl babies are going missing (Baldwin 40). The parents from Chinese family had a preference for boys as they thought; boys could work and provide the family income. Due to Chinese culture preference to having boys, girls often did not have the right to live. In the Chinese ethnicity, the family always obeyed the elder’s decision. When the family was trying to adapt to the new country and they were tryin...
Chen, Jo-shui. "Empress Wu and Proto-feminist Sentiments in T'ang China." In Imperial Rulership and Cultural Change in Traditional China, edited by Frederick P. Brandauer and Chün-chieh Huang. 77-116. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994.
Gender equality has been an issue in the world for the past century. The contrast between men and women in China begins at home and translates into workplace expectations. In China, the expectation in the home is that men are superior to women and that she should be obliged to serve her husband. According to the Passport to China, “Confucianism is still a major factor in Chinese culture. A direct quote from the Passport to China represents this well. “The Confucian husband rules over his wife as a lord rules his people.” This essentially means that the husband is superior to the woman entirely in households that still maintain the Confucian attitudes of the past.
This is the root of the cause of the gender stratification among males and females in China. Since women are viewed as unequal and baby girls are often unwanted by parents there is a sort of stigma that surrounds the Chinese woman in her society. They are not seen as equals to men and they are often socially unequal as well. The men have all the power and prestige in their society. Baby girls are often abandoned or killed so that they can have another child in the hopes that there is going to be a baby boy. We see this unequal access to power evident in the scene where the Chinese woman talks about how her husband threatened to send her away if she did not give him a baby boy. Gender stratification is a very large problem in China and has recently been decreased in level. New ideas about women’s right and worth have sprung up in China are spreading
According to Confucius, a Chinese teacher and philosopher of the period of Chinese history where he created a patriarchal society that woman had to obey their husbands and grown sons. Therefore, during the early times, people in China are generally gender stereotype. Women were discriminated because they were deemed as weak, submissive, passive and dependent on men which only capable of doing house chores and taking care of children comparing to the males who is seen as the core of the family because they were dominant, independent, assertive and usually the one who provides financial support to the family. Women do not have legal rights in making decisions and most of them were illiterate and only educated on self-discipline, etiquette, relationships with in-laws, household management, humility and chastity. Women being lesser than men were considered to be natural and proper. This in turn caused gender inequality and it is not unusual to see males dominate the business world in the early days as well. However, in the modern days now, China has become more of a communism where everyone, regardless of gender, receives equal shares of benefits derived from labour. This led to a rise of the general status of women and they were given more opportunities for education. This is due to the president of China, Mao Zedong who utters the memorable phrase “Women hold up half of the sky” which changed the perceptions towards women in China. According to the study produced by the Beijing arm of accounting firm, Grant Thornton, the proportion of women in senior management in China has climbed to 51% at the year of 2013, up from 25% in 2012 and outpacing the global average of 21%. In a survey of 200 businesses in China, 94% of them employed wo...
Today marriage is defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary as the relationship between a husband and a wife or a similar relationship between people of the same sex. For the purposes of this paper, it will focus on marriage between a man and a woman and how marriage is differently defined between the American and Chinese cultures. This paper will discuss the cultural differences found between the American and Chinese culture with emphasis on age and mate-selection. The cultural differences between American and Chinese culture related to marriage practices shows that Americans value individualism and Chinese historically value collectivism.
Men and women in early China were separated by the idea of the Yin and Yang cosmic forces. These forces are complementary to each other. However they are hierarchical. Consequently, they lead to oppression. With the aspect
Although gender roles in Japanese culture deviates from western norms, perpetual emphasis is placed on adopting desirable characteristics for men and women in media and society (Kincaid, 2013). Contrarily, professional studies, conducted by Yoko Sugihara and Emiko Katsurada, indicate that gender role differences in contemporary society diminish as time progresses (Yoko and Katsurada, 2002). In the primordial times of the Heian period, Japan procured and practiced matrilineal systems within their isolated society for over 2,000 years. During the Heian period, situated in 12th century A.D., women were given the privilege of inheriting, managing, and retaining property of their own (Kumar, 2011). It was not until Japanese culture adopted the Confucian ideas of China that the society began to integrate a patriarchal system.
A long history of son preference initiated during the Han Dynasty led to female infanticide and neglect. In the mid-nineteenth century, a harsh famine shook China. During the famine, an excess of men and a shortage of females meant many men could not find wives. According to political scientists Valerie Hudson and Andrea den Boer, “‘widespread female infanticide during the famine meant that as many as a quarter of young men in the region were ‘bare branches’-as the Chinese expression goes-unlikely to ever bear fruit’” (Brooks 3). Confucianism, which was largely supported during the Han Dynasty, had a negative effect on gender rights. The founder of this religion, Confucius himself, placed women at the lower end of the patriarchal family structure. Filial piety, the honoring of one’s ancestors, was key element of Confucianism that stressed the dominance of a man over his wife. The worst offense against the concept of filial piety was dying without a son. Therefore, if a woman did not produce a son, it was her husband’s right and duty to take a second wife and continue the family line. Furthermore, marriage meant that a woman became part of her husband’s family and it was her duty to faithfully serve her in-laws; however, if a woman did not get along with her mother-in-law, filial piety demanded that a man left his wife and found another one that would please
Examples of cultural constructions can be seen throughout history in several forms such as gender, relationships, and marriage. “Cultural construction of gender emphasizes that different cultures have distinctive ideas about males and females and use these ideas to define manhood/masculinity and womanhood/femininity.” (Humanity, 239) In many cultures gender roles are a great way to gain an understanding of just how different the construction of gender can be amongst individual cultures. The video The Women’s Kingdom provides an example of an uncommon gender role, which is seen in the Wujiao Village where the Mosuo women are the last matriarchy in the country and have been around for over one thousand years. Unlike other rural Chinese villages where many girls are degraded and abandoned at birth, Mosuo woman are proud and run the households where the men simply assist in what they need. The view of gender as a cultural construct ...
Ever since the new millennium, the number of contemporary issues has been on a rise as people are enlightened on their rights and responsibilities. The film “From Iron Girl to Leftovers” airs gender inequality as a primary concern. The next discussion will focus on gender inequality as aired on the film. It will attempt to highlight why the subject is sensitive in China and the world as a whole. Also, it will attempt to explain why gender inequality is such a major issue. It will explore the various dominant norms in mate-selection that makes it a contemporary issue in China. To conclude, I will offer my opinion and stand on the subject.
Since ancient times, women was described as men’s accessories. Theoretically, women represent ying and men represent yang. In Daoism, women were believed to have lower positions than man in the hierarchical order of the universe. Since women are borned, the tradition is to keep them away from society. The concept of “Women, Marriage and Family” were taught by their family since they were young. However, during the old days, women did allow some decision making, within the family meeting, for example, position a role of leadership as wife in assisting her husband in family matter. Nonetheless, there are some characters and stories which describe the importance of women in Chinese History. Women have big contributions towards productivity,