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Critical analysis of feminism
Critical analysis of feminism
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“Sexual Politics, “For it is precisely because certain groups have no representation in a number of recognized political structures that they 're position tends to be so stable, their oppression so continuous” (191). For this reason, theory, among various other structures, should become more inclusive, recognizing nonbinary genders and facing issues that affect the people who identify with them. Nonbinary gender has largely been left out of feminist discourse, as well as queer theory and even trans studies. Even pivotal works on gender fail to recognize and account for the existence of non or multiple genders.
In viewing and defining feminism non-essentialism, or antifoundationalism, is vital to understanding gender and sex theory. Antifoundationalism
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In the researching of this paper there was a lack of scholarly works that referred to feminism in terms of “gender liberation.” One scholarly journal notes “gender liberation” verbatim but it is in the context of fathers taking on household duties, hardly a delve into the wide spectrum of gendernonconformity. (Glass 1) Another of the only two that remotely mentioned gender liberation in terms of feminism only mentions it in the equated sense of men and women in political spheres without actually speaking to nonbinary or gendernonconforming identities. (Anthias and Yuval-Davis 13) From the extensive research it is clear that the general movement to make feminism a gender liberatory one is absent or largely underground. For these reasons alone we can see that gendernonconforming issues do not get their due representation or research simply for the fact that they’re not a noticeably mainstream interjection into feminist theory.
The feminist movement has been faced with backlash arguing that including gendernonconformity in feminism will dilute the movement, cause a weaker front, and feminism is just plain a women’s movement. While the latter is not mainstream today because of third wave feminism and its frontier into intersectionality it can still be seen that with the need to cleanly define identities in order to identify intersectionalities, individuals that are in grey areas are being left
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Seeing gender in terms of femininity and masculinity and their respective relationship to submission and dominance in today’s society is key to understanding the more insidious underpinnings of the patriarchal system and its dehumanization of femininity and masculinity that does not fit within the cisnormative gender binary. Seeing feminism through the lens of fuzzy spectrums of existent or nonexistent intersectionalities is a more cohesive way of understanding oppression and hierarchies of power in which individuals are born into. The allowed passivity on nonbinary issues by individuals in the feminist movement, though not intentionally harmful, leads to severe marginalizations. In an attempt to be seen as equals the marginalized are using the master’s tools to marginalize. Antifoundationalism is a major theory in moving society toward building a foundation of discourse that is not only sound but also one that does not limit the possibility of always learning and adapting with time (where essentialism fails massively). To erasively ignore the needs of the few is to adhere to the same patriarchal stereotypical steamrolling that causes so much systematic sexism and pain. Gendernonconforming individuals have been prevalent and in existence far before the language of intersectionality came to be and thusly forcing feminism into the small
According to feminist Victoria L. Bromley, if feminism is about combating all forms of inequalities, including oppression, towards all social groups, then feminists must study how masculinity oppresses both men and women. Patriarchy, men’s powers and dominance, hegemonic masculinity, the idea that the “dominant group” in society is most powerful, and hyper masculinity, the exaggeration of the emphasis on male characteristics, all lead to oppression through multiple forms: privileges and unearned privileges, hierarchies of power and exclusion. Bromley argues that the feminist approach towards eliminating oppression, is to use an intersectional analysis, a theoretical tool used for understanding how multiple identities are connected and how systems
The conversion of feminism into a binary relationship simplifies the bigger picture of the feminist debate, and thus makes it easier to read. This in turn reaches an audience that is larger than just the highly educated feminists; something that feminists have argued is needed to make the movement stronger. However, on another level, who can interpret what is real feminism and what steps are forward? At what point are we ‘genuinely’ enjoying our sexuality as women and at what point are we simply seeking attention from men? At what point are we being manipulated by our consumer culture? This is ultimately something that every woman must decide for herself.
However, the stigma of openly sexual women was not eliminated therefore marking down women's sexual freedom because of the stigma they carry in society.In conclusion, chapter by chapter hooks highlights how feminist theory repeatedly excluded non-white and working class women by ignoring white supremacy as a racial problem and by disregarding the highly psychological impact of class in their political and social status all while, in the case of black women, facing three classes of oppression in a racist, sexist and capitalist state. Throughout the book the author defines feminism, the meaning of sisterhood, what feminism is to men in addition to brushing upon power, work, violence and education. Although I found some elements of this book problematic hooks' critiques of feminist theory and the movement are well-presented, piercingly direct and remain relevant.
The most related terms when women’s right is brought up are feminism and feminist. A feminist, by definition, is someone the fights for feminism. The definition of feminism, one the other hand, is very complex. Throughout history, the word has continuously had bad images and connotations thrown its wa...
...rms of power and source of pride in society. Emphasizing sexism in language and rising the concern with words can be a vital feminist strategy to provoke social change (Weatherall, 2002). Language can produce a false imagination and represents women and men unequally, as if members of one sex were somehow less wholly human, less complex, and has fewer rights than members of the other sex. Sexist language also characterizes serotypes of women and men, sometimes to the disadvantage of both, but more often to the disadvantage of women. (Wareing & Thomas, 2012). As a result, it is necessary that individuals have the right to define, and to redefine as their lives unfold, their own gender identities, without regard to genitalia, assigned birth sex, or initial gender role. Language about women is not a nonaligned or an insignificant issue but profoundly a political one.
Critics of feminist studies of men often argue that the politics to change values and behaviour need to come from men themselves, because feminist women’s long efforts against gender discrimination, misogyny, sexual harassment, rape, battering, and male violence have often created backlash and stubborn resistance from men (Lorber, 2012, 274). If men do not fight for what they want they will not see change, it will not be handed to them as many things have already been. Although, the question presumes, why would men want to change something that they feel is just fine? This is where controversy takes place. A change must occur in order for things to be equal. Men do not always have to be the breadwinners; On the other hand, areas that seemed to indicate potential gender equality – fatherhood and men doing “women’s work” – have ironically restored gender inequality. This refers to the racialized glass escalator. Where men who do women’s work have reliable preferences in the working environment, such that even in occupations where men are numerical in minorities they are likely to enjoy higher wages and faster promotions (Lorber, 2012, p.264) In addition, men get daddy bonuses when they become fathers while women workers suffer a motherhood penalty in reduced wages (Lorber, 2012, 274). Limitations such as these reinforce gender
‘Stealth feminism’ is when women agree with all that feminism stands for but reject the label (Kimmel 263). The media tends to portray feminism in a negative way; and as a result of this, the status is rejected by young women. “They believe that if they were to call themselves feminists other people would think that they must be strident, domineering, aggressive and intolerant and-worst of all- that they must hate men”(Moi,1736). Some women will not want to be associated with such descriptions or agree with what the feminists stand for but would rather be identified with egalitarianism. Zucker defines egalitarianism as the phenomenon “In which women espouse feminist beliefs regarding the equality of women and men, while simultaneously rejecting feminist identity” (Zucker paragraph 9).In this case, women are either for feminism or against it. Dividing women themselves into different categories does not solve anything; rather, it worsens the situation. “It might be surmised that women who adopt feminist as an accurate self-descriptor are more likely than those who reject this designation to pursue activism on behalf of women 's rights” (Zucker paragraph 14). Young women should stand up and embrace feminism because the feminist battle is not over. The males still dominate the females in many areas of life, especially in the
Feminism has tackled gender inequality in the workforce, within politics, education and various institutes. Within the 20th century some of these issues faced in western culture have been completely reformed due to certain feminist movements that have encouraged women to fight for equal rights. (Crofton: 2011: 272-273) The first and second waves of feminism have proven to be successful by increasing equal rights between men and women. (Kaplan: 1992: 7) Despite these successes which include allowing there is still the fact of the matter remains that women are still objectified by their gender. ()The generalization of gender roles, have proven to be challenging within the feminist movement, this is often due to the objectification of women in the media. Also as feminism, is an ideology it has various schools of which have conflicting ideas of the ‘empowerment of women’ making it difficult to clarify on what is not acceptable in establishing women’s rights. (Fraser: 2014)
Until recently, I was like a great number of people in today’s society who are afraid of being called a “feminist,” as if this were the same as being branded a witch in the 17th century Salem. Feminism is a word that everyone has heard of, but to most, it carries a disagreeable connotation. It brings up images of burning bras, the hatred of men and angry, overly passionate, bossy women who want to bring down the patriarchy. In short, feminist has become a “bad word,” viewed as something you do not want to be for fear of losing friends and relationships; but I would assert the only bad word in 2015 is not “feminism,” but rather “meninism,” the counter to the women’s rights movement. This is a topic that can no longer be ignored and shoved aside for being
"Women should stay at home taking care of children." "Women should never disrespect a man." "Women who dress in skimpy outfits are asking to be harassed and cat called." These previous statements demonstrate misogyny. Misogyny is the hatred of women who do not conform to certain beliefs or practices on how woman should behave. These beliefs are centered on the idea that women are inferior to men. Now, not all misogynists hate all women. Misogyny is the hatred of specific women who do not conform to misogynist beliefs. For example, a misogynist can have the upmost respect for housewives, while one the other hand hating women who have a desire to better their career rather than have a family. Misogyny can have detrimental effects on anyone acting
In just a few decades The Women’s Liberation Movement has changed typical gender roles that once were never challenged or questioned. As women, those of us who identified as feminist have rebelled against the status quo and redefined what it means to be a strong and powerful woman. But at...
Throughout history, women have remained subordinate to men. Subjected to the patriarchal system that favored male perspectives, women struggled against having considerably less freedom, rights, and having the burdens society placed on them that had been so ingrained the culture. This is the standpoint the feminists took, and for almost 160 years they have been challenging the “unjust distribution of power in all human relations” starting with the struggle for equality between men and women, and linking that to “struggles for social, racial, political, environmental, and economic justice”(Besel 530 and 531). Feminism, as a complex movement with many different branches, has and will continue to be incredibly influential in changing lives.
Commack (2014) draws comparisons between radical, conservative, and liberal feminisms, clearly explaining the differences in thought that allow for the distinctiveness of each approach (p.38-39). Although radical and conservative feminisms share an assumption of essentialist and biological differences between men and women, radical feminists focus and value almost entirely on women and their traits, while conservative feminists tend to value perceived ‘male’ traits (Commack, 2014, p.38). Evans (1995) disagrees slightly with Commack’s argument though, arguing that early radical feminist theory was more egalitarian and saw both sexes as “marred by society: by patriarchy and by capitalism,” and was less likely to blame men for the oppression of women (p.64). Commack (2014) states that radical feminism emerged in response to a liberal feminist approach and some of the criticisms that had emerged regarding it (p. 37). While a liberal feminist approach may call for administrative reform within society, a radical feminist framework calls for “transformation or major structural change” which may be necessary when the amount of inequality within society is considered
“A feminist is one who believes in the social, political and economic equality of the sexes” (Adichie, 2013). Feminism is not the belief that one’s sexual orientation or one’s power is superior over another. The very meaning of feminism demonstrates a complete resistance to this belief. Throughout the years, a range of categories of feminism philosophy have developed. They consist of goals in objectives, methodologies, and affiliations. Many feminists distinguish themselves with many branches of women 's activist thought. The three forms of feminism that this essay will consider are liberal feminism, socialist feminism, and radical feminism. This essay will argue that liberal feminism is the most valid theory of feminism as liberal feminist’s
Webster defines feminism as both "the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes" and "organized activity on the behalf of women's rights and interests" (Webster 418). Equality of the sexes (in terms of rights) and the furthering of women's rights are seemingly positive aspirations; yet people tend to describe feminism using negative terms, and feminism today has acquired a bad reputation. "Radical" and "extremists" are adjectives commonly applied to feminism as a whole, when, in truth, feminists who adopt extreme positions constitute the minority. Moreover, these "gender feminists," or "militant feminists," as many call them, although they receive the most public attention because of their aggressive tactics and high visibility, alienate people in broadcasting their views. Their goal, to create a "sentimental priesthood" that will achieve collective power and retribution as oppressed "victims" of a white-male supremacy, seems unreasonable (Himmelfarb 20). In contrast, "equity feminists," or "academic feminists," embrace the basic principles of feminism. They celebrate women's achievements, work for the individual rights of all women, and, as Christina Hoff Sommers aptly says, "want for women what they want for everyone, equal protection under the law" (Himmelfarb 20). Though not all feminists agree on how to reach this goal, most argue for a reasonable, realistic, and positive method. By contrasting the differing feminist ideas of writers like Adrienne Rich, Gertrude Himmelfarb, and Camille Paglia, one defines a winning brand of feminism: a philosophy founded on equity feminist ideology and dedicated to the achievement of social, political, economic, and intellectual reform.