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Origin of sesame
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Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), is probably the most ancient oilseed known and used by man (Weiss, 1983). The cultivated sesame belongs to order Tubiflorae, family Pedaliaceae; about thirty-seven species have been described in to the genus sesamum, but only Sesamum indicum has been recognized as a cultivated species (Getinet et al. 1998). Even though the origin of sesame is still in debate, Mehra (1967) and Mahajan (2007) considered Ethiopia as the origin of cultivated sesame. Bedigian (1981) argues that, owing to the wide genetic diversity in East Africa (Ethiopia), it is reasonable to assume that this subcontinent is the primary center of origin and India would then be thought of as a secondary center for sesame. Sesame seed, also known as sesamum, gingelly, benniseed, sim-sim and til is an important annual oilseed crop. It has been cultivated for centuries, particularly in Asia and Africa, for its high content of edible oil and protein (Johnson et al., 1979; Weiss, 1983).
Sesame is grown from 300-1700 m.a.s.l, nevertheless, it grows and yields well in altitudes ranging from 650 to 1250 m.a.s.l, for optimum growth, sesame requires frost free and warm areas, with uniformly distributed rainfall of about 300 to 800 mm per season is necessary for reasonable yields. However, optimum yields are obtained in areas with 500- 650 mm rainfall per annum well distributed over the 3-4 months growing period. Sesame needs water during the seedling, flowering, and grain filling stages Temperature of 25- 37oC encourages rapid germination, initial growth, and flower formation. Temperature below 20 oC for any length of time inhibits germination or delay, and a temperature of less than 18 oC after emergence will severely retard growth of seedlings (Ge...
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...crop and increasing the growth domestic product and growth national product by increasing the productivity of the crop. As Humera type white seeded sesame is appreciated worldwide for its aroma and sweet taste and is has 100 Ethiopian birr premium price per quintal.
Knowledge on the extent and pattern of genetic variability present in sesame population is absolutely essential for further improvement of the crop. Similarly, information on the extent and nature of inter relationship among character help in formulating efficient scheme of multiple trait selection. Besides, knowledge of the occurring diversity in a population helps to identify diverse groups of genotypes that can be useful for the breeding program.
Therefore this research project was proposed with the following objective
To estimate the extent of genetic variability for yield and yield components
In a good year all or most of them will thrive and give you wheat. But in a bad year a spate of high winds may take down the tallest stalks and leave standing at the harvest time only, say, the 10 percent of the crop that had a “shortness” gene. And if that wheat comprises your winter’s supply of bread, plus the only seed you’ll have for next year’s crop, then you’ll be almighty glad to have that small, short harvest. Genetic diversity, in domestic populations as well as wild ones, is nature’s sole insurance policy. Environments change: Wet years are followed by droughts, lakes dry up, volcanoes rumble, ice ages dawn. It’s a big, bad world out there for a little strand of DNA. But a population will persist over time if, deep within the scattered genetics of its ranks, it is literally prepared for anything. When the windy years persist for a decade, the wheat population will be overtaken by a preponderance of shortness, but if the crop maintains its diversity, there will always be recessive aspirations [i.e., recessive genes] for height hiding in there somewhere, waiting to have their day (97-98).
...ulted in great profits during times of high demand for agricultural products. Phillips states that more research is required in this area.
Because of the Civil War, which broke out in 1991, much of Somalia’s economy has been devastated. The war left many homeless and drove them to raise livestock as a means of survival. The economy used to be based on exports of cattle, goats, and bananas but as of early 1992 much of the economic trade had come to a halt. Now the economy is primarily based on the raising of livestock, which accounts for 40% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Alhaus). Due to overgrazing, soil erosion, and the clearing away of many trees, Somalia has very few natural resources, which have not been exploited.
The country Ethiopia is well known for its Emperor Haile Selassie. Haile Selassie’s real name is Lij Tafari Makonnen and he was born 1892 and died 1975 (novelguide.com). He comes from one of the earliest lineage of royal families; King Solomon. He is the last of his bloodline to have power in Ethiopia. He was given power between 1930-1974. There was a war for Ethiopia by the Italians called the Battle of Adwa. The Italians wanted to gain land in Africa because the French and European were all trying to acquire land in Africa. Haile Selassie tried to go to the League of Nations for help. Help was refused and supposedly Ethiopia was later colonized. It is not well known if the Italians actually colonized Ethiopia but according to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Ethiopia was taken between the years 1936-1941 (cia.gov). The reason that it is hard to determine if the Italians had colonized Ethiopia is because it was not recognized fully by the league of Nations only some of the league recognized this (about.com). If they were even captured by the Italians then their independence was May 5, 1941 (about.com).
Before the land of what we no class Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, and other countries in the middle east grains, such as wheat and wild barley, could be seen growing in the wild without human hand to cultivate and nurture it (Authors 2007). Over time, humans began to recognize the benefit of the plants and began the first signs of human agriculture. The skill of farming took time and trial and error, but along the way, humans began to settle down to tend to their crops. Though the first crops were nothing more than seed s thrown about without rhyme or reason to the process we know today such as fields having, rows and sorting out the seeds to create a higher yield each harvest (Authors 2007). Because of the trial and error process, agriculture of plants did not take place of a short period but took many, many years to evolve to what we know today as agriculture; the new fa...
Ethiopia is located in the Eastern region of Africa. According to the Embassy of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ethiopia lies between the geographical coordinates of 3’ and 14. 8’ latitude and 33’and 48’ longitude. Ethiopia encompasses a majority of the area known as the Horn of Africa. The CIA World Factbook states that Ethiopia is approximately 1,104,300 square kilometers (686,180 miles). To give a better perspective of the sheer size of this country, it is about twice the size of the state of Texas. The CIA World Factbook also states that Ethiopia’s area ranks 27th when compared to the area size of all other countries in the world.
Throughout the history of the human race there have been a great number of crops that were discovered, planted, and over time domesticated. Wheat in the Middle East, rice in Asia, and rye in Eastern Europe are all some of today’s staple crops that feed millions every day. Crops like these make up over 50% of the world’s total food supply. However, the third most eaten crop in the world is maize, or corn, which provides 21% of human nutrition. Today maize feeds millions across the world, but its history is different from the others.
African food is as varied as American food, every country is separated by regions and ethnicity, which brings their own flavors to the table. Coastal countries are influenced more by commerce and trade and it is apparent in their cuisine by their use of spices from other parts of the world. Traditional African foods incorporate items which are readily available to them. So what I have learned is, traditional African foods do not necessarily rely on one type of protein, but the recipes are adaptable and the proteins can be interchangeable; this is also applicable to vegetable and grain recipes. When looking in the Midwest for authentic African food, what I found was mostly Ethiopian food. I decided the best way to sample African food was to try my hand at making simple dishes and review them. I chose to research a variety of African dishes from all over the continent by using the internet, choosing recipes from a variety of countries with a variety of flavor profiles; based on my culinary skill
Pod size ranges from 15-30 mm in length, 7-14 mm in thickness, and 2-15 mm in width. Depending on the basal and apical zones as well as the dorsal and ventral regions, pod shape varies from rhomboid, oblong to ovate. The number of seeds per pod ranges from 1-2, with the maximum being three. The seeds are ramhead or owl's-head shaped, and the surface may be smooth or wrinkled. The length of the seed ranges from 4-12 mm and its width from 4-8 mm. The seed mass varies from 0.10 to 0.75 g per seed. The seeds of kabuli type are large (100 seed mass >25 g), round or ram head, and cream colored. The plant is medium to tall in height, with large leaflets and white flowers, and contains no anthocyanin, whereas the seeds of the desi type are small and angular in shape. The seed color varies from cream, black, brown, yellow to green. There are 2-3 ovules per pod but on an average 1-2 seeds per pod are produced. Chickpea seeds germinate at an optimum temperature (28-33°C) and moisture level in about 5-6 days. Germination begins with absorption of moisture and swelling of the seed. The radicle emerges first followed by the plumule.
Sesame is a short-day plant but also grows well in long-day areas. It thrives best on moderately fertile and well-drained soils (pH ranging from 5.5 to 8.0) and is sensitive to salinity. (Vossen & Mkamilo, 2007) Sesame can be produced both by smallholders and at larger industrial scale. Its production is mainly concentrated in area between northern and southern of equator latitude 45 degree, covering tropical to subtropical regions. The main producers are China, India, Myanmar in Asia, and Sultan, Uganda, Nigeria in Africa and Mexico and Guatemala in South America. Weather condition impact heavily the sesame production regardless of drought or heavy rain. The sesame yield in these countries
Wheat is one of the major food crops in the world, which provides 532 kcal/capita/day (http://faostat.fao.org). World production of wheat is about 670 M tonnes, which is only behind maize (872 M tonnes) and rice (720 M tonnes) (http://faostat.fao.org) whereas the US is the third largest wheat producer in the world (http://faostat.fao.org). Wheat group comprise of 13 diploid and 18 allopolyploid species (12 tetra and 6 hexa) (Feldman et al. 2012), where hexaploid wheat is the most cultivated class throughout the world (Faris 2014). Hexaploid wheat (bread wheat) is known as the allohexaploid (2n=6x=42, BBAADD), because it is derived from the diploid species via convergent evolution (Faris 2014 and Feldman et al. 2012). Hexaploid wheat consist of winter and spring wheat, which mainly differed by vernalization governed by vrn (vrn1, vrn2) genes (Taiz and Zeiger 2002, Doebley et al. 2006).
Since the plant’s domestication the sunflower has been one of the most important crops in production that is native to North America, comparable to maize and wheat. The sunflower, what was once a plant utilized only in the Americas is now one of the most widely and diversely recognized used plant species in the world.
Production and export of oilseeds are however, dominated by a group of producing countries. The United States, China, Brazil, India, Argentina, the EU, and Canada are the world’s largest producers, which account for about 70 percent of global oilseeds output (Hoffman et al., 1999) as cited( Fenta et.al 2011). For example, in 2008-09, EU-27 total oilseeds production stood at 27.2 million metric tons while estimated production for 2009-10 stood at 29.6 million metric tons whereas China’s annual total oilseeds production for 2010-11 was estimated to be 54.6 million metric tons. Despite increasing production, erratic climatic conditions in many countries in general, and throughout the South American continent in particular, have been affecting oilseeds production. The United States, Brazil, Argentina and the EU dominate export market, which account for over 80 percent of the world oilseeds exports. Despite substantial growth in oilseeds production in the past 25 years, and recent gains in export volume, both exporters and importers have been engaged in trade distorting policies such as deferential export taxes and production subsidies. As a result, many attempts have been made to favor domestic oilseeds production at the expense of imports or to encourage domestic processing of imported oilseeds versus imports of oilseeds products. Of course, several major initiatives have been undertaken to reduce trade
Coffee has its history as far back of the 9th century .It is believed to be originated in Ethiopia, particularly in the south western parts of the country called Kaffa (Wilson p-45) . The etymology of coffee presumed to be taken was from kaffa where it was originated.