With my paper on aircraft engines, I decided to write on the Pratt and Whitney F-135 turbo jet engine. In this paper I am going to discuss the power capabilities of the engine. What it can and not do in reference to its performance. I am also going to talk about who makes the particular engine and what it has to do with the government. And finally, I am going to bring up which aircraft it is being used on and where the idea came from in the first place.
The Pratt and Whitney aircraft company has been a long standing company in the aviation field. About two years ago or so they came out with the F-135 engine for use in the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. Figure 1 www.militaryparitet.com F-135
Pictured above is the F-135 Pratt and Whitney engine getting ready to be loaded into the aft fuselage of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter aircraft. This particular engine has the same basic stages as any other jet engine. Which are the intake section, compression section, combustion section, and finally the exhaust section. Each one of these sections has their own responsibility and plays a big role in performance for the aircraft.
Pratt & Whitney F135-PW-100 Augmented Turbofan
• Type: Dual shaft turbofan with low bypass ratio and afterburning
• Bypass Ratio: 0.2:1
• Low Pressure Compressor: Three stage fan
• High Pressure Compressor: 6 stage axial flow compressor
• Burner: Annular, through flow "float wall" combustor
• Turbine: Dual spool counter-rotating, single stage axial high pressure turbine, single stage axial low pressure turbine
• Exhaust: Converging afterburning jet pipe, variable area divergent secondary nozzle, with 3 bearing swivel arrangement.
• Thrust Rating: 40,000 lbs. thrust class with afterburner
• Maximum military power (no afterburner): Approximately 30,000 lbs. of thrust
• Weight: 3,750 lbs.
• Thrust/weight: 10.5:1
• Air mass flow: Approximately 200 lbs/sec
• Overall Pressure Ratio: Approximately 30:1
• Maximum Turbine Inlet Temperature: 2,800 F+
• Specific Fuel Consumption: .70 lb/lbt/hr (dry), 2.0 lb/lbt/hr (with afterburner) (TurboKart.com).
Straight from the Turbo Kart website I found the specifications for the F-135 jet engine. They go over in detail what the capabilities of the F-135 engine can do. This specific engine was made for the use in the F-35 fighter jet program. Lockheed Martin wanted to make sure it had all the necessary equipment needed in order to perform up to standards. With recent development however the F-35 project has been put on hold due to engine issues.
P-40’s. North American Aviation realized that the current aircraft were not adequate for the newer German fighters. Instead of providing less than capable aircraft to the war effort, North American presented a request to Britain, allow them to create a new, original aircraft that exceeds the Luftwaffe armament. The British decided to allow for the new program and thus the P-51 “Mustang” was born.
The P-51 Mustang is regarded by many sources as the greatest fighter plane ever created. With the technological advancements this plane achieved, to it’s service record, to it’s importance in winning World War Two, the Mustang is truly one of the greats. The Mustang played a key role in long range bomber support and saved countless bomber crew’s lives, and pilots loved to fly it. The P-51 had the most aerial victories of any American fighter in World War Two and it was flown by some of America’s top aces. The P-51 was a beast of a fighter plane
In 1940, Preston Tucker created the Tucker Aviation Corporation, and wanted to manufacture aircraft and marine engines. He designed a fighter aircraft, the Tucker XP-57, which the U.S.A.A.C. took an interest in. Again, this n...
There are only three of the funnels that were functional and the fourth one was purely aesthetic, Smoke and waste gasses were expelled through the first three funnels.
Back in the 1920’s when commercial aviation was a fairly new technology it was a slow business. In the 1930’s, the DC-3 was introduced and the airline industry started to become more profitable. The original DC-1 and its successor the DC-2 were both well known planes during their times. Since Douglas was well known for their prowess in engineering, American A...
Cummins has a history of innovation beginning in 1919 when it was founded and produced its first diesel engine, a 1.5 to 8 horsepower model used to power pumps. In 1929, a Cummins engine powered the first diesel-powered U.S car. The company continued to advance in the diesel engine and power generation industry, and in 1958 Cummins Filtration was started to meet the high-performance requirements of Cummins diesel engines (Cummins Inc.). In 1985, Cummins introduced aerodynamic contours to Class 8 trucks years ahead of its time. This new shape greatly reduced air flow drag and, combined with a lightweight engine, attained up to 20 percent higher fuel efficiency than similar vehicles at the time. In 1999, Beijing Public Transit launched a fleet of 300 buses with Cummins B5.9 engines to improve city air quality, being the first clean, alternative fuel fleet in Asia and remains the largest in the world, with more than 3500 Cummins Westport natural gas powered buses (Cummins Inc.). These are just a few examples demonstrating a history marked by improvement and innovation of new technologies in order to reduce emissions and increase efficiencies for the benefit of the environment.
In this paper, I would like to discuss on the video, “21st century jet.” This video is about the launching and testing of the airplane by the Boeing company, 777.The 777 family is designed to fill the size gap between the 767 and 747.The head of the 777 project is Allen Millaley, who promised to do many things which are impossible, produced the plane which is more reliable than any other plane in the aviation history. The first large passenger jet designed completely by computer, the 777 is more complex and innovative than any other airliner ever built.
The 2,100 square meter engine assembly area of the factory is capable of building the liquid cooled V-Twin for the V-Rod in approximately 2 hours from 370 components. Each of the 10 individual workstations takes approximately 7.5 minutes to complete its task. Building the engines onsite permits the firm to save on transportation costs of having the engines built at one location and shipped to another and decreases the carrying costs of inventory by using Just-In-Time production.
To discuss the power output, first the cycles of the engine itself needs to be mentioned.
A jet engine can be divided into several distinct sections: intake, compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, turbine, and exhaust. These sections are much like the different cycles in a four-stroke reciprocating engine: intake, compression, power and exhaust. In a four-stroke engine a fuel/air mixture is is brought into the engine (intake), compressed (compression), and finally ignited and pushed out the exhaust (power and exhaust). In it's most basic form, a jet engine works in much the same way.
Gasoline engines have four strokes and six processes in each cycle. During the intake stroke, air and fuel are drawn into the cylinder; the volume and potential energy increase. Next, the compression stroke adiabatically compresses the gases; the volume decreases and the temperature increases. The spark does not occur during a stroke but when the piston is fully raised, this causes the gases to ignite keeping relatively the same volume. In the power stroke, the gas adiabatically expands; the temperature decreases and the volume increases. Finally, the exhaust valve is opened so in the exhaust stroke when the piston moves up the gasses are released causing the volume to decrease.
(Morgan 67). When the jet engine was thought of back in the 1920's the world
Wilson, D. G., & Korakianitis, T. (1998). The design of high-efficiency turbomachinery and gas turbines (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
turbine via interceptor valves and control valves and after expanding enters the L.P. turbine stage via 2 numbers of cross over pipes. In the L.P. stage the steam expands in axially opposite direction to counteract the trust and enters the condenser placed directly below the L.P. turbine. The cooling water flowing throughout the condenser tubes condenses the steam and the condensate collected in the hot well of the condenser. The condensate collected is pumped by means of 3*50% duty condensate pumps through L.P. heaters to deaerator from where the boiler feed pump delivers the water to boiler through H.P. heaters thus forming a closed
A in November 1962, the British and French governments agreed to develop and build a supersonic aircraft. Each design presents an aerodynamic supersonic aircraft with a range of difficult problems, including two that have the highest interest powerplant installation and design of subsonic aircraft. supersonic speed because it is there are many configuration changes have been introduced, particularly in the areas of the nose and visor, rear wing and fuselage. the head of...