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Psychoanalytic paradigm in psychopathology
Psychoanalytic paradigm in psychopathology
Freud's three levels of mind
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When my friend first prompted me to watch the show Supernatural, I assumed that it was just going to be another mind-numbing television show. I could not have been more wrong. I had no idea that beneath the action and plots were the shadows of various philosophies. The pilot episode opens up with a young man named Sam Winchester studying at Stanford University. He seems to be no more than a law student with a girlfriend, but everything changes when Sam’s older brother, Dean, comes asking for Sam’s help. Dean and Sam spent their entire childhood with their father, traveling around the country hunting monsters. When Sam and his father disagreed about Sam’s future, Sam left Dean and their father and went to Stanford. After several years without …show more content…
Towards the end of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, Freud developed his “depth psychology,” or psychoanalysis. As a way of treating mental disorders, Freud formed a type of therapy out of his psychoanalysis, which he called “the archaeology of the soul.” Psychologists who practice this form of psychotherapy dig through a patient’s repressed memories and bring them to light. According to Freud, all of our memories are stored somewhere in our subconscious. In order to help their patients, psychologists must force the patients the face these memories: “The analyst can perhaps discover an unhappy experience that the patient has tried to suppress for many years […] gnawing away at the patient’s resources. By bringing a ‘traumatic experience’ into the conscious mind […] he or she can help the patient ‘be done with it’” (Gaarder 427). Freud believes that the best way to treat a mental disorder caused by trauma in the subconscious is to face it. In the episode “The Man Who Knew Too Much,” Sam is locked within himself and forced to face the part of his soul that had served as Lucifer’s vessel, and the part that had endured the …show more content…
Gordon’s generalizing that all monsters deserve to die demonstrates the ideas of Rule Utilitarianism when he uses his past experiences as a guide that will produce the best possible outcome. In addition, when Sam must confront the parts of himself that were contained behind the wall in his mind, Freud’s concept of repressed memories is displayed by his needing to face the memories he has repressed in order to recover. Finally, when Dean refuses to take the life of a little girl when acting as Death, he learns from the consequences of his action that everything happens for a reason, and that the laws of nature are inescapable. When spending an entire Saturday watching Supernatural, one might miss many of the underlying deep and philosophical concepts laced throughout the plot of each episode. The philosophies of Freud, the Utilitarians, and the Stoics are only a few of the concepts that shadow the plots of the show. If this holds true, then it must be wondered what philosophical concepts can be applied to other seemingly mind-numbing television
As I continue to watch the show, I find myself identifying myself with some of the characters. Sometimes I even find myself thinking
(The Twilight Zone, 4)Those are the words of Rod Serling, an American screenwriter that developed abstract visions and conveyed them to millions. Serling was one of the most influential and creative people of his time. He manipulated common fears, thoughts, suspicions, and ideas to show deeper morals and to convey messages to his audiences.
of England. Their hope was to return to the more primitive ways, to reject the
Rule utilitarianism must find a balance between rules and utility to try and maximize human flourishing. Williams and Harwood both critique utilitarianism, but an ideal rule utilitarianism is able to satisfy any critique posed. An ideal rule utilitarianism would be able to avoid the problem of rule worship while still allowing the rules to carry sufficient meaning. Rule utilitarianism should refine rules to become more specific, which will hopefully lead to the ideal form of rule utilitarianism. Rule utilitarianism is able to respond to the criticisms proposed by Williams and Harwood by making more specific rules that will coincide with the greatest happiness
Unnatural Causes, is Inequality Making us Sick? Is a documentary produced by California Newsreel, and directed by Lleewled M. Smith. Unnatural Cause analyses the factors which can influence the US population‘s health. The film illustrated several families in order to show how their health is influenced depend on different circumstances. The film is supported by the use of survey research which it is a sociological method to gather data. Additionally, the film gives proved sources showing that The US invests billions of dollars on health but still millions of people die every day. In fact, The USA is one of the richest countries in the world, but it is at the bottom of the list concerning life expectancy. An important question that professionals
Utilitarianism aims to perfect society by correcting traits that separate those in society and create conflict. Dr. Haber looks to perfect the human race by riding the world of race, disabilities, and disease; however, he does not take into account the implications of changing reality. The exclusion of Miss Lelache in the new reality proves to be a consequence of removing race, “That’s why she’s not here, he thought. She [Miss Lelache] could not have been born gray. Her color, her color of brown, was an essential part of her, not an accident. Her anger, timidity, brashness, gentleness, all were elements of her mixed being…She could not exist in the gray people’s world. She had not been born” (Le Guin 113). Dr. Haber removes personality defining aspects of individual people that conflict with society’s standards, which results in ostracizing the individuals from reality. Laurence Davis describes the effectiveness of a demanding society that operates by disregarding the individual, “A society may demand sacrifice of the individual and similarly a moment of contingency may be unavoidable. Things get in the way of the best laid plans. But a society that compels individual action based on the optimal functioning of society is in Le Guin’s organic terms, unhealthy” (Davis 173). Excluding those who represent the “Other” creates a slippery slope that allows
...tives through questioning of absolute truths such as established fact (science) and faith, intertextuality through a mass of references, manipulation of time through a non-linear narrative and generic hybridity through the show’s complex layers.
Pojman, L. (2002). 6: Utilitarianism. Ethics: discovering right and wrong (pp. 104-113). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Classical utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory which holds that an action can only be considered as morally right where its consequences bring about the greatest amount of good to the greatest number (where 'good' is equal to pleasure minus pain). Likewise, an action is morally wrong where it fails to maximise good. Since it was first articulated in the late 19th Century by the likes of Jeremy Bentham and later John Stewart Mill, the classical approach to utilitarianism has since become the basis for many other consequentialist theories such as rule-utilitarianism and act-utilitarianism upon which this essay will focus (Driver, 2009). Though birthed from the same utilitarian principle of maximising good, rule-utilitarianism and act-utilitarianism provide two very different accounts on how the maximising of good should be approached. This essay will compare these two approaches and try to ascertain whether rule-utilitarianism is indeed preferable to act-utilitarianism.
That Government Is Best which Governs Not at All Henry David Thoreau was an American author, philosopher and historian. The roots of the political views of Thoreau derive from Transcendentalism - a philosophy that became influential in the late 18th century and 19th century. Transcendentalism rejects the idea that knowledge can be fully derived from experience and observation of the physical world. American transcendentalism reached its peak in New England in the 1840s, under the leadership of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson argued that, while the physical world is important, providing us with necessary goods and frequent beauty, people should live their lives based on truths grasped through reason, not just physical perception.
Witchcraft, Magic and Rationality. Social Anthropology seeks to gauge an understanding of cultures and practices, whether they are foreign or native. This is achieved through the study of language, education, customs, marriage, kinship, hierarchy and of course belief and value systems. Rationality is a key concept in this process as it affects the anthropologist’s interpretation of the studied group’s way of life: what s/he deems as rational or plausible practice. Witchcraft and magic pose problems for many anthropologists, as its supernatural nature is perhaps conflicting to the common Western notions of rationality, mainly deemed superior.
This essay explores the research question “In what ways does the use of supernatural elements in literature serve to reflect the nature of humanity?” and focuses on fairy tales, Hamlet, and Macbeth. It begins by outlining and examining the role of supernatural elements in promoting struggles between both the characters and groups within the plot. It then proceeds to showcase how using these elements to create struggles within the plot helps the author to outline the societal struggles of his or her time period within the work of literature. This essay then goes on to consider how and why the use of supernatural elements plays a role in a literary work’s adaptability over time and region. From there, this essay explores how important supernatural elements are in making the stories that they are a part of more intricate and interesting. The role of supernatural elements in aiding character development and the role of certain characters within the plot is examined afterwards.
There are a lucky few in life that can simply speak their thoughts and captivate the mind. Many people, at the same point in time, stopped to ponder the same idea; Transcendentalism. Thanks to its in-depth philosophies Transcendentalism was a movement that affected mystics, writers, philosophers, and scientists such as Emanuel Swedenborg, and influenced literature, politics, and society even to this day.
...ture episode” (Steven, 296) I wholeheartedly endorse Johnson’s claim that our brain is acting to what we think would happen along with the acting while watching a television show.
“Just as a candle cannot burn without fire, men cannot live without a spiritual life.” According to Buddha, everyone needs some form of spirituality to define his or her life and existence. Webster Dictionary defines spiritualism as “a system of beliefs or religious practices based on supposed communication with the spirits of the dead, often times through mediums.” Though this is one general definition of spiritualism, this concept is one that does not hold a conclusive meaning. Each and every single person has the ability and right to create and practice their own idea of spiritualism. From ancient times to present day, the term and practice of spirituality has transformed, particularly from region to region. Despite the discrepancies in practices and overall understanding of this idea, spirituality has had an effect and impact upon all of humanity since the creation of time. This religion that is believed to have been established in the early eighteen hundreds, after two little girls claimed to have the ability to talk to spirits, sparked interest in this spiritual movement, allowing it to spread rather rapidly over many geographical locations. Aside from being recognized as a religion, spiritualism is also believed to be a form of philosophy and a science in which spiritualists believe that there is life after death and try to demonstrate this through the ability of attempting to communicate with those that have passed on. Spiritualism was socially different from other religions in existence at the time because it presented followers with a more tolerant belief system that assimilated the principles and facts from a selection the world's religions. Spiritualism also made it acceptable for women to play a disti...