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Colonial rule in africa
Colonial rule in africa
Colonial rule in africa
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The first legally elected prime minister of Congo, Patrice Lumumba, was executed by Congolese troops under the order of Belgium army officers.
Patrice Lumumba, the independence leader, was arrested, tortured and executed just months after becoming the first democratically prime minister of the DRC (Democratic Republic of the Congo) in 1960.
A university professor, Philippe Raxhon, told the Lumumba commission that “there is no doubt that Lumumba was executed".
Lumumba was born on July 2, 1925, in the province of Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), in the village near him, Lumumba was able to hone his love for literature and learning by attending missionary school and borrowing books there to read. After having establishing
himself as a leader in organizing unions, Lumumba help established the Congolese National Movement in 1958. He inspired people for countrywide unity, bringing freedom from colonial atrocities. Lumumba was fighting for Congo to have complete independents, America and the Belgian government did not want that for Congo yet because of all the natural resources that laid there that they used and also were worried Lumumba was a communist alongside with the Soviet Union. For 126 years, the US and Belgium were key roles in shaping Congo's future. When the cold war broke out, it was unavoidable that the US and its western allies would not be prepared to let Africans have complete control over the natural resources that lie there, or to risk the chance of the resources falling in the hands of their enemies, the Soviet Union. It is in this regard that Lumumba's determination to achieve complete independence and to have total control over Congo's resources in order to use them to improve the conditions of our people was a threat to west. To challenge Lumumba, the US and Belgium used all of their resources available to them, including the United Nations secretariat, under Dag Hammarskjöld and Ralph Bunche, to buy the support of Lumumba's Congolese rivals , and hired killers. Lumumba was captured just 7 months after independents in Congo, tortured by soldiers, then Executed, sparking the harsh brutality done to many Congolese in the coming decades.
The king himself then secretly bought the Congo, and supported an expedition led by Henry Morton Stanly. Stanly was an American who fought in the Civil War, deserted, became a journalist and then became an explorer. He was a ruthless, evil man, for he said “. continual combat was always a part of exploring”. He would kill up to hundreds of people and burn several towns and villages in his wake.
Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges. "Patrice Lumumba: The Most Important Assassination of the 20th Century." The Guardian. N.p., 17 Jan. 2011. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. .
It is widely debated why exactly King Leopold decided to conquer the Congo, but the general consensus seems to be that it was out of the belief that “the highlands of the Congo may be as rich in gold as the mountains of the western slope of the American Continent” (Stead). In the mid-1870s, the King hired Henry Stanley, who was familiar with many parts of Africa, to help him go about conquering. During the following years Stanley stayed in Africa, talking various tribes into signing over their lands and rights. After this was completed the King officially took over the Congo, renaming it the Congo Free State. This was especially ironic because all natives of the country were either forced to give up their way of life in exchange for virtual slavery in the ivory trade, agriculture, or the rubber traffic, or die trying to escape fate. Leopold was undeterred by the amount of suffering and death in the Congo, brought on by his rule. Belgian soldiers and officials were known for their cruelty in their methods to make, and then keep, Congo natives wo...
One can easily note the physical and sexual violence brought upon the people (black and white) of Congo after independence, but we must locate the other forms of violence in order to bring the entire story of Patrice Lumumba to light. The director’s attempt at bringing the story of Patrice Lumumba to the “silver screen” had political intentions.
Convicted for armed robbery in 1960, James Earl Ray escaped from Missouri State Penitentiary on April 22, 1967. Ray’s hatred for the black population and support for Nazism fueled his drive to assassinate pacifistic leader, Martin Luther King, Jr. During the civil rights era, Martin Luther King, Jr.’s strong political and religious presence caused him to be a potential target as many denounced his promotion of equality amongst blacks and whites in America. Moreover, with the use of a Remington rifle, Ray shot King from a bathroom window of a hotel located across the street from the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, where he had a perfect view of King standing on the motel room balcony. On the eve of April 4, 1968, King was pronounced dead. Afterwards, Ray fled to Canada where he changed his identify and created a fake passport which would later be used to flee to Brussels, Belgium from a Scottish airport. However, Ray was caught at Heathrow Airport on June 8, 1968 and was deported back to America. James Earl Ray was convicted in March 1969 for the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. In court, Ray voluntarily pleaded guilty before Judge W. Preston Battle which reduced his sentence to 99 years in prison instead of the death penalty . As will become evident, the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. resulted in the immediate outburst of riots, Robert Kennedy eulogizing King, the high attendance of King’s funeral service, and the implementation of the Fair Housing Act; the prosecution of James Earl Ray; and in the longer term, the creation of Martin Luther King National Holiday as well as the desire to reopen the case of James Earl Ray in 1997.
Since gaining its independence in 1956 from the United Kingdom and Egypt, Sudan has been a
Mandela was born in the town of Transkei, South Africa into a royal family on July 18,1918 (Klerk). Even though Mandela was born into a royal family, he still noticed the ugly treatment of people in South Africa based on their racial background. Mr. Mandela was educated at the University of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand. Both of these universities are located in South Africa, though Fort Ware is in Eastern Cape while Witwatersrand is located in the capital (Klerk, F). While a student in college Mandela was sent home for protesting against the strict policies of the university with several other classmates.
Relevance- Once he was released in 1990 he participated in the eradication of apartheid and in 1994 became the first black president of South Africa, under which he formed a multiethnic government to oversee the country’s transition. He also remained devoted champion for peace and social justice in his own nation and around the world until he died in 2013.
Over a period from 1960-1965, the first Republic of the Congo experienced a period of serious crisis. There was a terrible war for power that displayed senseless violence and the desperation to rule. There were many internal conflicts among the people. The country eventually gained independence from Belgium. For many countries this would be a time for celebration. Unfortunately for the people of the Congo this became a time to forget. Almost immediately after independence and the general elections, the country went into civil war. Major developed cities like Katanga and Kasai wanted to be independent from the Lumumba government. Different factions started to fight the government and Katanga and Kasai tried to secede from the rest of the country out of fear of the mutinous army that was out of control looting and killing.
An outstanding figure in neoclassical art, Jacques-Louis David released his painting titled The Death of Marat in 1793 after the murder of Jean-Paul Marat. The revolutionary painting shows Marat’s deceased body soaking in a bloody bath, with a quill in hand. Many thoughtfully placed details are included in the piece that add to the implication that one should focus on the sacrifices, and involvement Marat made during the French Revolution. With the use of symbolism, David coax’s the audience into viewing Marat as the political martyr of the revolution. There are many contributions to how the painting was created, but the most palpable is the knowledge of why Marat was murdered.
This assay will be analysing on one of African president ever recognized as dedicated leader; who dedicated his entire life fighting for freedom of his nation. Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei in a small rural community in the easterner cape of South Africa. On 18july 1918 and named Nelson by one of his teachers, Mandela led the struggle to reinstate the apartheid rule of South Africa against racial discrimination. As well know as a democratic leader he was incarcerated for 27 years. Has been awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1993 and 1994 Nelson Mandela been voted as South Africa first black president. (BBC news-Mandela’s life and times2008)
... that role and gained something unimaginable in early times.In 1961, Mandela, who was formerly committed to nonviolent protest, began to believe that armed struggle was the only way to achieve change. He subsequently co-founded Umkhonto we Sizwe, also known as MK, an armed offshoot of the ANC dedicated to sabotage and guerilla war tactics to end apartheid. In 1961, Mandela orchestrated a three-day national workers' strike. He was arrested for leading the strike the following year, and was sentenced to five years in prison. In 1963,
For much of the 1950s, Mandela was one of the 156 accused in the Treason Trial. After the Sharpeville Massacre on 21 March 1960 and the ANC was banned, and Mandela, still on trial, was still being detained, along with hundreds of others. With the ANC now illegal, Nelson Mandela emerged as the leading figure in this new phase of struggle. Mandela's statement in court during the trial is a classic in the history of the battle with the apartheid, and has been an inspiration to all. "I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die." He was moved from prison to prison. Released on 11 February 1990, Mandela jumped wholeheartedly into his life's work, determined to obtain the goals he had set out almost fourty years ago. In 1991, at the first national conference of the ANC which was held inside South Africa after being banned, Nelson Mandela was elected president of the ANC.
The army provided Mobutu discipline. He kept up with his studies with the help of old classmates. Shortly after he was released form the army he became a journalist for the Léopoldville daily. Mobutu’s journalism career brought him the friendship of Patrice Lumumba, the Prime Minister of Zaire at the time. Lumumba soon appointed Mobutu as chief of staff of the army. A conflict between Lumumba and Kasavubu, the country’s president put Mobutu in a difficult situation as each party requested Mobutu have the other arrested. He concluded the conflict by placing Lumumba on house arrest and taking control of the country on September 14, 1960.
“Nelson Mandela was the symbol of justice, equality, and dignity.” (Obama, 2013). He was born in Mveso, Transkei, South Africa on July 18, 1998 as a Madiba clan (Les Prix Nobel, 1993). Since he was young, he always dreamt to be able to contribute to create a free and democratic country where everyone could live in harmony. He started his anti-apartheid movement by joining the African National Congress (ANC) when he was 20 (Cachalia, 2013). He was first banned in 1952, and was finally arrested on 5 December 1995 due to his “radical activity” in the ANC (Nelson Mandela Biography, 2014). He actively directed many peaceful campaigns to raise the apartheid issue. He wanted to put an end to racist, unrespectable policies. In 1962, he even left South Africa secretly in order to seek support for his struggle in battling for freedom (Les Prix Nobel, 1993). This unexpected move caused him to be arrested once again. One year later, after the police found some documents and evidences about his sabotage in the ANC, he and his comrades must accept the fact that they might be sentenced to death. However, the court finally decided to sentence them for life imprisonment (Nelson Mandela Biography, 2014).