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Approaches to consequentialism
Moral theory of consequentialism
Theory of consequentialism
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In the work environment, people can be separated into two groups, the employers and the employees. Essentially with the rise in labour unions comes an increase in the employees’ demands for better employee benefits, under threat of industrial action. However, there are cases where employees are already given substantial benefits, considerably above industry average, but refuse to lower such benefits in order for their livelihood to remain afloat. In the case, ‘Labour-Management Negotiation Impasse: Union vs. Burns Meats Ltd.’, it is shown that moral decision between the employer and its employees can go awry in that none of the stakeholders involve benefit. The moral issue of the Union v. Burns Meats Ltd. is the refusal of the Union to cooperate with the company in order for the plant to remain open. If the Union had used the Mary Guy decision-making model in conjunction with the theory of Consequentialism and by extension Utilitarianism, the agreement to cut wages would have been agreed upon. Morally speaking, the union should have accepted the wage cut, the plant would then have remained open, and the workers would still be employed, all else being equal.
The Mary Guy decision-making model, which emphasizes that for a clearly ethical decision to be made, there should be a focus on the analysis of who the stakeholders are in relation to the decision. (Cohen 304) The first step to this model is defining the problem. The problem in the case of Union v. Burns Meats Ltd. is that Burns Meat Ltd. was going out of business because it could not sustain itself in order to remain the competitive meat packing business at the time. The goal which can also be considered as a requirement is to find a solution that benefits all stakeholders. ...
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...olution outlined. All other possible alternative outlined would not have satisfied the conditions set. The condition being, that the solution must be beneficial to all stakeholders, namely the workers and the Burns itself. By accepting the pay cut the Union would have done so to benefit the greatest good, which is in accordance with the theory of Utilitarianism which is a branch of Consequentialism. Therefore, if the Guy decision-making model had been used in deciding whether or not to accept the pay cut, the decision would be made to accept the pay cut. All the workers would still have paying jobs and Burn’s plant would not have had to close down, but instead remained open, which ultimately benefits all stakeholders.
Work Cited:
Cohen, S., Grace, D., & Holmes, W. R. (2010). Business ethics: Canadian edition. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press.
(Cheeseman2013) In the National Labor Relation Board v Shop Rite Foods case some employees of Shop Rite Foods of Texas elected a worker union as a Bargaining agent for a collective bargaining agreement for over 3 months the agreement was still not settled. Then ShopRite began to notice a lot of it merchandise being damaged in the warehouse. They determined that the damage was being intentionally being caused by dissident employees as a pressure tactic to secure concessions from the company in the collective bargaining negotiations.
Brody’s argument towards collective bargaining post WWII between employers and unions implemented the workplace rule of law. The collective bargaining agreements help resolve workplace disputes between employees and their employers along with a union organization (if present). Weber’s theory of bureaucratic authority is a rational authority where the rule is distributed and no one person is in charge. The workplace rule of law is a bureaucratic form of authority; throughout the hierarchical organization chart no one is in charge of making the decision instead, the rule is what guides the organization. For many workers in the 1940’s the increase in wages and their incentives drove them towards joining unions and striking for equality, “…postwar enthusiasm for incentives derived partly from effective union policing…” (Brody, 175) Industrial workers saw both a loss in wages in the late 1940 is compared to ten years later when they finally saw a better life for themselves; union contracts provided them a life towards the middle class. Previously employers would hire those within their family to be managers and hold positions higher up in the chain, which would take away chances from the employees when they try to move up from their current position, “The management of the office follows general rules, which are more or less stable…” (Weber, 198) Many emplo...
...rs that had already been put in place. This meant that the company would have to negotiate with the union as the head of the janitorial workers’ bargaining sector. Therefore, the bargaining order would be the right remedy if the company was found guilty of the charges (BrainMass, 2014).
Trevino, L. K., & Nelson, K. A. (2011). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. New York: John Wiley.
On November 28th, 1942 a fire broke out in Cocoanut Grove nightclub in Boston. The fire killed approximately 492 people, injuring 166, and impacting numerous others (Cocoanut Grove Fire). This event became known as one of the deadliest nightclub fires of its time. The causes for such a devastating event can be analyzed using utilitarian ethics presented by John Stuart Mill. The decisions made by the owners of the nightclub will be evaluated as being right or wrong based on utilitarian theory.
In this paper I will argue that Utilitarianism is a weak argument. According to John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism is defined as the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Happiness is pleasure and absence of pain (Mill, 114). At first glance the Utility perspective seems logical, however it often conflicts with justice and morality. I will begin by presenting the idea that good consequences do not always determine the right thing to do. Then I will provide the counterargument that utilitarians can bite the bullet. Next I will explain that Utilitarianism is too demanding for anyone to live by, and finally provide the counterarguments from the Utilitarianism perspective.
...e Bargaining, Managerial Prerogative and the Protection of Workers Rights: An Argument on the Role of the Law and Regulatory Strategy in Australia under the Workplace Act 1996 (Cth). Retrieved on April 9, 2013, from http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.unimelb.edu.au%2FE8812500-7599-11E2-84E10050568D0140&ei=t0RkUdT0K62V7Ab48IC4Bw&usg=AFQjCNEfV17R8n5eNatsPXKQRxB9bqvUig&bvm=bv.44990110,d.ZGU.
Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2013). Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases: 2011 custom edition (9th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
Treviño, L. K., & Nelson, K. A. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right Fourth ed., Retrieved on July 30, 2010 from www.ecampus.phoenix.edu
This paper will give a critical discussion of the Hicksian model of collective bargaining focusing on what the model entails the advantages and disadvantages of the model, and the bargaining attitude ratio.
Shaw, W. H., & Barry, V. (2011). Moral Issues in Business (Eleventh ed., pp. 230-244).
Managers have a degree of choice in how they deal with their employees. (Purcell, 1987) Some may see them as a commodity while others may see them as an important and valuable resource needing to be developed. (Purcell, 1987) Managerial prerogative is defined by Bray, Waring and Cooper (2011: pg 332) as “those areas of decision-making within an organization over which managers claim to have an unfettered right to decide as they see fit.” It is important to define managerial prerogative so that we can establish whether the legislation has increased or diminished it. Defining managerial prerogative is also important as we look at the different managerial styles and strategies and observe if they play any role in increasing or minimizing managerial prerogative. Managers will always have some degree of control over their employees because most of the day to day tasks in the workplace such as rules and procedures of the workplace, tasks, and which employee performs which tasks are decisions made by the manager without consultation with employees and unions. (Bray, Waring and Cooper, 2011) The laws and regulations surrounding managerial prerogative have only seemed to rule in favour of employers being the sole decision makers in an organisation and decrease the amount of bargaining power unions and employees have towards pay and conditions. (Bray and Waring, 2006)
Traditional literature in the field of labor relations has focused immensely on its benefit towards the employer and in the process equating it to working rules. This has been so despite the field being expected to cover the process of, labor management, union formation, and collective bargain; all which are anticipated to create a positive employer-employee relationship. This relationship is said to be positive if there exist a balance between employment functions and the rights of the laborer. Also important to note, is that this relation is equally important to the public sector as it is to the private one. Therefore, to ensure a mutually conducive labor environment exists, effective labor management process and inclusive negotiation program should be adopted (Mulve 2006; Walton, 2008).
...04). The theory which in my opinion is the ‘best’ or most appropriate theory of industrial relations is the Pluralist theory. This theory has been in pole position in western societies for over thirty years. In today’s environment it is the most realistic theory as it assumes conflict is inevitable and recognizes that both employees and employers will have different objectives unlike the unitarist theories beliefs. It is now recognized that better managed industrial relations programmes and cooperation with trade unions can seriously impact on the prevention of disputes, increase productivity, quality and the motivation of workers within organisations and help to align employee objectives with the organisations objectives.
An important aspect of this framework conceives the industrial relations system as self-adjusting towards equilibrium. In so far as change in one element had repercussions for the other elements, they are held to set in motion a range of processes that invariably restores a sense of order on the system. Strategic choice theory Another widely used and more recent theory drawing on pluralist assumptions is Kochan, Katz and McKersie’s (1986) strategic choice theory. This particular theory picks up on the systems concept developed by Dunlop (1958) and advanced on it by accommodating a number of contemporary changes in the way industrial relations was being practiced. Three such changes are noted as being influential in determining the way managers deal with industrial relations issues. The first is identified in the recent decline in union membership and the rise of new industries not covered by unions. The second is noted in the way collective bargaining structures and outcomes involving trade unions