The Modoc War of 1872-1873 is significant in the Indian Wars because it was publicized worldwide and it was of the last wars in the era. The involving parties of this conflict included Modoc band leaders, Klamath Indians, the US Army and the settlers of the surrounding areas. The land of interest consisted of Southern Oregon from Fort Klamath and Klamath Reservation through the Northern border in California. This essay concentrates on the young Modoc sub chief known as Captain Jack because he wore a uniform coast with brass buttons. His real name was Kintpuash and he was born at Tule Lake in 1837. Kintpuash’s approximate age would have been 35 years during the first battles of the Modoc War. Kintpuash’s knowledge of his homelands provided his small band with an advantage during the initial months. The land they were fighting on was considered their traditional fishing grounds and village sites. Their victories were well deserved despite the factors that were not in their favor. The Modoc Indians’ had many factors against them. They were always outnumbered and at times they were considered severely outnumbered. Some sources claim ratios as high as 6:1. Among the Modoc numbers included women and children. It was considered to be army fighting against families during the winter and spring conditions. The first tensions began on the Klamath Reservation when the Modocs signed a treaty to quarter alongside their neighboring Klamath tribe in 1864. Issues here included lack of food, poverty, sickness and general unwelcoming attitudes. Kintpuash’s band of Modocs had to travel to different parts of the reservation to avoid hostile matters. Yet there was no place within the reservation borders that had the resources they ... ... middle of paper ... ...tion Act of 1990. I had read this act before and strongly support its existence. All in all, Kintpuash (Captain Jack) was a leader to the Modocs and he should be remembered for his roles throughout the entire Modoc War. The entire war had to be detailed in order to understand the leader he was. I believe he acted and fought in nobly for his people and in hopes of their independence. Works Cited https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Kintpuash http://www.militarymuseum.org/Modoc1.html http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=00038FD5-99BB-1EE8-827980B05272FE9F http://www.sierranevadageotourism.org/content/captain-jacks-stronghold-lava-beds-national-monument/sieF813559E558B22224 http://explore.globalcreations.com/places/captain-jacks-stronghold/ http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/labe/contents.htm
Mabo had a strong belief for supporting his land and its freedom. The argument was, many generations of Meriam people had lived on the island prior to the Europeans arrival (Reynolds, 1999). They believed that they were the tradi...
In “Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leadership”, Tecumseh and the many Indian tribes in west America spent years fighting for their land and trying to keep their culture alive. The story illustrates cultural aspects of the period through elucidating the important figure The Shawnees were a patrilineal tribe meaning they are traced through the males of the family. Although men were a main part of the culture, each village had an informal group of women who governed certain tribal rituals and set dates for many activities. Women were also allowed to save captives and prisoners.
When the Europeans first migrated to America, they didn’t know much about the ancestral background of the different types of the Indian tribes that were settled in Virginia and along the East Coast. Many of the Indian tribes became hostile towards the colonist because the colonists were interfering with their way of life. This lead the natives to attempt to destroy the frontier settlements. Many forts in this area were erected to protect the settlers and their families. One the historical land...
Banks, D., Erodes, R. (2004). Dennis Banks and the Rise of the American Indian Movement. Ojibwa Warrior. Retrieved January 20, 2005, from http://www.oupress.com/bookdetail.asp?isbn=0-8061-3580-8
Lakota Woman Essay In Lakota Woman, Mary Crow Dog argues that in the 1970’s, the American Indian Movement used protests and militancy to improve their visibility in mainstream Anglo American society in an effort to secure sovereignty for all "full blood" American Indians in spite of generational gender, power, and financial conflicts on the reservations. When reading this book, one can see that this is indeed the case. The struggles these people underwent in their daily lives on the reservation eventually became too much, and the American Indian Movement was born. AIM, as we will see through several examples, made their case known to the people of the United States, and militancy ultimately became necessary in order to do so.
Several of the gold seekers set out on horseback to Pinos Altos, where they knew Mangas and his followers would be found. They were joined by an army unit under the command of Brigadier General James Carleton, who was no friend of the Indians. In fact, he was quite the opposite. He had issued an order to those serving under his command “to kill all Indian men wherever found”.
In his book, My Fellow Soldiers, Andrew Carroll tells the story of World War I through the eyes of the American participants. He uses quotes, personal letters and diaries, from an array of characters, to depict a day in the life of a WWI warrior. Though, he narrows his focus on the untold story of General John J. Pershing, a US army leader. He uniquely talks about the General's vulnerable and emotional side. "Pershing was notoriously strong-willed, to the point of seeming cold, rigid, and humorless, almost more machine than man" (p.XVIII). Pershing is commonly recognized for his accomplishments during the war and remembered for his sternness. He was "…especially unforgiving when it came to matters of discipline" (p. XVIII). Nicknamed "Black Jack" due to his mercilessness towards his soldiers, in this book, Pershing is portrayed as a General with much determination and devotion to his troops, family, and close friends.
as the Indians they were able to out maneuver them and render them unable to protect
The Powhatan were such a large group, they were known as the Powhatan Confederacy. The confederacy consisted of almost 14,000 Algonquian speaking people inside of thirty different tribes. The Powhatan confederacy was ruled by one person whom Helen Rountree refers to as mamanatowick or “Great Kinge.” Chief Powhatan had weroance who were in charge of individual tribes under his control. In English terms, a weroance means petty chief or commander. The weroance achieved their title through matrilineal kinship. Most all of them were sons of Powhatan. This paper provides insight on the impact the English settlers, called Tassantassas by the Native Americans meaning, “strangers or foreigners,” demonstrated on the Powhatan losing their land. The clash of these two completely different cultures led to the demise of the Powhatan confederacy. In due course, how the English were ordered by Queen Elizabeth I who established the Virginia Company, to colonize the Chesapeake area without regards to the hardships placed on the Powhatan. ...
Indians were killed or greatly injured during this battle. This battle was the last between the
Beginning in the 1860s and lasting until the late 1780s, government policy towards Native Americans was aggressive and expressed zero tolerance for their presence in the West. In the last 1850s, tribal leaders and Americans were briefly able to compromise on living situations and land arrangements. Noncompliance by Americans, however, resumed conflict. The beginning of what would be called the "Indian Wars" started in Minnesota in 1862. Sioux, angered by the loss of much of their land, killed 5 white Americans. What resulted was over 1,000 deaths, of white and Native Americans. From that point on, American policy was to force Indians off of their land. American troops would force Indian tribe leaders to accept treaties taking their land from them. Protests or resistance by the Indians would result in fighting. On occasion, military troops would even lash out against peaceful Indians. Their aggression became out of control.
In this article, Winona LaDuke outlines in detail, the struggle and fight of the people of North Cheyenne against the subjugation of the white men (the veho), corporate bodies, economic expansion, and the United State Government. This struggle is simply for the preservation of their lands, beliefs, culture, heritage, health, families, and their future. LaDuke writes that for many decades, the North Cheyennes have constantly been in battle and it appears that the fight is not yet over, because till this day, the struggle is still very much in existence. LaDuke analyses in depth, the historical issues that have led to the current state of their land, and how it has contributed to degrade their social existence, cultural, economic, and even educational
The Modoc War officially began on November, 29, 1872; the main reason that caused the Modoc War was the process of enclosure. This process consisted in unifying lands in order to have a larger farm restricted or operated by one owner. It was originated in the medieval Europe and caused economic and ecological changes in the way the Modocs lived in California. The war was surrounded of discrimination and violence. Everything was related in which side had the most control of the natural resources. As Isenberg stated, “The violence of 1872-1873 was the last stage of a conflict over the control of land and natural resources that had begun two decades earlier.” (Isenberg, 131). The Modoc War was the only Indian War fought in California.
Sandefur, G. (n.d.). American Indian reservations: The first underclass areas? Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/focus/pdfs/foc121f.pdf
"Fundamental Principles of Tribal Sovereignty." Americanindianpolicycenter.org. American Indian Policy Center, 1 Nov. 2005. Web. 29 Mar. 2014. .