In 1967, the term disintermediation was first brought into the banking industry and later became a popular term used in commerce generally in the 90s. Economics or financial policies are some of the factors leading to the phenomenon known as disintermediation which banks sometimes face. Bank disintermediation is a situation whereby funds which should ordinarily be invested in banks are directed into some other investment instruments such as assets backed securities and convertibles, which will be issued by the final user of the funds, in the process passing the banks as an intermediary. Normally, banks usually act as a financial intermediary for debt management, borrowing from depositors and lending to borrowers. This is done using instruments such as bonds, safety deposit accounts which earns interest, savers, and other credit facilities.
THE REASONS THAT CAUSED BANK DISINTERMEDIATION.
Bank disintermediation could be caused by a couple of reasons with one of which could be securitization. Securitization is the process whereby illiquid assets are turned to liquid assets and convertibles. This conversion allows the assets to sell in the capital markets. It can be applied to short term financing, where bank loans have been transformed into tradable assets and commercial paper are used as substitutes. Public Deficits is a major source of bank disintermediation in most parts of the world; this is because of the increase in healthcare service, education, real estate, recruitment and social security payments. The deficits are financed mainly by the issue of marketable securities, which is done by both the central and local governments. Securitization initiated an abundant increase in the issuance of securities both traditional and n...
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Increasing global connectivity and integration in today’s world ensures that almost any serious problem has worldwide ramifications. The global financial system can serve as a key example of this phenomenon. Very recently, Britain’s fifth-largest mortgage lender Northern Rock was rescued by emergency funding from the Bank of England. This made the Newcastle-based firm the highest profile UK victim of the global credit crunch that had been triggered by the sub-prime mortgage crisis in the US. The bank run on Northern Rock that followed was unprecedented in recent UK monetary history. The Overend Guerney crash of 1866 was the last recorded bank run in the UK, before Northern Rock lost over £2 billion, starting on the 14th of September 2007.
The book The Banker’s New Clothes: What’s Wrong with Banking and What to Do About It was wriiten out of necessity after the worst economic downturn in the United States in more than eighty years. The massive breakdown of the United States housing market in 2006 and 2007 had overwhelming consequences on domestic and global economies and devastated the global banking systems. Between 2001 and 2006, many large financial institutions had accumulated large positions in the subprime mortgage market that gave out superb returns. Asset prices in this market inflated to unreasonable levels due to the quality of the loans being packaged and sold by commercial bankers and would soon create a major asset bubble in the markets. The bursting of the housing
Wells Fargo Bank. (2014). Wells Fargo team member handbook – January 2014. Retrieved from http://teamworks.wellsfargo.com/handbook/HB_Online.pdf
Binhammer, H. H. & Peter S. Sephton. Money, Banking and the Financial System. Nelson, 2001.
Cullen, Lisa. "What It Means For Your Wallet". Time. April 10, 2006. Off of NewsBank
IN THE CRISIS AND DEPRESSION, 1920-I921” is talking about how the bank is able to liquidate and unexpectedly drain the cash resources. The bank has a variety of deposits that are either cash, checks or other banks and the deposit of a proceeding of a loan. With the loan there is an interest rate that is added to the loan. After not paying the loan the bank is allowed to liquidate the account if need be.
Flawed financial innovations: the implementation of innovations in investment instruments such as derivatives, securitization and auction-rate securities before markets. The indispensable fault in them is that it was difficult to determine their prices. “Originate to distribute securities” was substituted by securitization which facilitated the increase in ...
Mora, Victor. "Will Bank of America Surpass The Competition?" Wall St. Cheat Sheet. Wall St. Cheat Sheet, 29 June 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
If financial markets are instable, it will lead to sharp contraction of economic activity. For example, in this most recent financial crisis, a deterioration in financial institutions’ balance sheets, along with asset price decline and interest rate hikes increased market uncertainty thus, worsening what is called ‘adverse selection and moral hazard’. This is a serious dilemma created before business transactions occur which information is misleading and promotes doing business with the ‘most undesirable’ clients by a financial institution. In turn, these ‘most undesirable’ clients later engage in undesirable behavior. All of this leads to a decline in economic activity, more adverse selection and moral hazards, a banking crisis and further declining in economic activity. Ultimately, the banking crisis came and unanticipated price level increases and even further declines in economic activity.
In order to understand the concept of financialization and the housing market on the global and local level, one must know that there is a global pool of money that is simply the worlds savings bank. In 2000 the pool had $36 trillion and has since doubled in size (Blumberg 2008). Its most recent profit increase was a result of developing countries and cities such as India, Abu Dhabi, and China making money. This doubled the cash pool available for investments, but left fewer solid investments for the taking. The solution was residential mortgages and the US housing market. The investment managers thought the low-risk high-return investment in the housing market was a good, stable idea. The glo...
The bank failure in Jamaica illustrates how negative mindsets and behaviors can devastate the financial system and disrupt economic growth. The primary role of any bank is to safeguard its customer’s money, offer interest rate on deposits, lend money to creditworthy individuals, and make sound investment decisions to maximize shareholder value. Because of rapid economic growth between the late 1980s and early 1990s in Jamaica, the Central National Bank (CNB) and Worker’s Savings and Loans Bank (WSLB) loosened their monetary policies, provided preferential interest rates and extended credit beyond what was reasonable to members of its own board of directors, managing directors, and officers of the bank. These actions posed significant risks to the bank and its future.
This system helps all of these banks provide financial secrecy which is that only you and your banker would legally be allowed to know the financial activity within your account. The financial secrecy, completely different from financial privacy, includes many regulations to maintain this asset of secrecy. For example, many banks would n...
Velde,D.K (2008). The global financial crisis and developing countries. Available at: http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/2462.pdf (Accessed: 5th August 2010).
The theory of financial liberalization is greatly explained by the works of MacKinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973). Financial liberalization refers to the removal of government ceilings on interest rates and of other controls on financial intermediaries. It is concerned with macroeconomic aggregates (interest rates, savings and investment) and conditions in formal financial markets (Baden, 1996). It refers to the removal of all constraints in the financial sector. In contrast, financial repression refers to distortions of financial prices such as interest rates. Financial liberalization as used here refers to the deliberate and systematic removal of regulatory controls, structures, and operational guidelines that may be considered
Warwick J. McKibbin, and Andrew Stoeckel. “The Global Financial Crisis: Causes and Consequences.” Lowy Institute for International Policy 2.09 (2009): 1. PDF file.