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Bismarck role in the Unification of Germany
Impacts of Treaty of Versailles on Germany
Impacts of Treaty of Versailles on Germany
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How accurate is it to say that the period 1890-1914 was the Kaisers Personal Rule?
The German state was forged out of the fires of the Franco-Prussian war in 1871 by the Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Prussia was by far the largest and most dominant state of the 25 unified in the creation of Germany, with the King of Prussia automatically becoming the Kaiser (Emperor) of the German Reich. In 1888, Kaiser Wilhelm II ascended to the throne, obtaining absolute and total control of the country. However, there is still debate as to whether Wilhelm II exercised full control of Germany or if true power lay in the hands of others in the years preceding the First World War.
Some historians, such as John Röhl, have tried to argue that the period
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The constitution also allowed for the Kaiser to appoint and dismiss the Chancellor of Germany, a very powerful position in its own right, at will. The Kaiser also possessed the ability to dissolve the German Parliament, the Reichstag, with the approval of the Bundesrat, the German equivalent of the House of Lords, where 58 members represented the 25 federal states of Germany. This meant that if the Kaiser disagreed with the views held in the Reichstag, he could dismiss all members and call for new elections. However, there is no example of Wilhelm II ever exercising this power. The Kaiser was also able to completely ignore the views of the Reichstag if he wished to do so, allowing for him to more or less dictate German politics, as legislation only required the approval of both himself and the Chancellor to become …show more content…
Caprivi attempted to work more closely with the Reichstag than previous Chancellors, and sought to lift the anti-Socialist laws imposed upon the country by Bismarck in 1878, such as the banning of trade unions, and by 1912, the trade unions would represent over 2 million German workers. Caprivi also attempted to destroy the reliance of German agriculture on import tariffs and boost industrial exports. The elites saw this as an attack against them, as the Junkers were enraged with the reduction of their farmers’ incomes due to cheaper produce becoming available from abroad, and the Industrialists vastly opposed the emergence of socialism and trade unions, which would severely damage their profits. This led to the Junkers and Industrialists putting enormous amounts of pressure upon Wilhelm to remove Caprivi, especially through the use of protests by the Agrarian League. Caprivi was forced to resign in 1894. The power of the elites to control German politics can also be seen in the adoption of both Weltpolitik and Sammlungspolitik. Despite the previous argument that these policies were the ideas of the Kaiser, it can be argued that they were actually implemented by the elites for their own benefits. Firstly, the adoption of Weltpolitik required the building of battleships to bolster the strength of the German navy, and some ships, such as the SMS Schleswig-Holstein, cost
Germany was already on its way to unification in the early 1800s. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 had set up the German Confederation, with both Prussia and Austria-Hungary lacking the power to impose their rule over the area (Greusel 71). Austria-Hungary was generally seen as the more dominant of the German states. The capital of the German Confederation was Frankfurt, in the Austrian state of Hesse-Kassel (Headlam 87). Two solutions were considered to this duality: "Großdeutsche" and "Kleindeutsche." The Großdeutsche approach suggested a unification of all Ger...
For example, in Herman Wagener’s memorandum, or private letter, to Otto Von Bismarck, he gave recommendations on strategies to strengthen the army and essentially gain more dominance and power (doc 3). Herman Wagener, being a conservative politician, advised Bismarck in the private letter that he shift the masses’ opinion while strengthening the power and reliability of the army. Also, Kaiser Wilhelm 1 made a speech to Reichstag proposing that they enforce “... the repression of Social Democratic excesses ...” (doc 5) and also promote workers’ welfare. This German Emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm 1, made his speech to Reichstag naturally hoping to influence the parliament to support Bismarck by saying that they need to convict the socialists in order to cure defects which will lead to more support from many people and more power. In addition, in 1884 Bismarck spoke in support of the Socialists, in support of their ideas, and apologized for the proposal that the government tried to win more support for the Anti-Socialist law (doc 6). Bismarck made this speech in support of the Socialists in order to gain their support to increase his dominance and power. Finally, Eugen Richter wrote a newspaper article in 1890 explaining Chancellor Otto Von
The Weimar constitution was forced into creation by the German desire to sign an armistace with the Allied forces after significant defeats on the Western front. Not only were the Allies demanding a democratic governing style in Germany, but there was also a strong desire to move away from the autocratic state that had existed under the Kaiser. Although the new constitution outwardly appeared to be democratic, there were several internal factors that severely undermined the democratic integrity of the new constitution, and made it almost indistinguishable from its autocratic predecessor.
Alternatively, Germany could have become a presidential dictatorship backed by the army as von Schleicher or von Papen would have preferred. In order to do this, the authoritarian regime would have had to adapt slightly from what it was in 1932. The long-term use of Article 48, the emergency decree, would have been impractical and impossible. Perhaps the conservative elites were looking to Hitler for a new identity as they couldn't return to the days of the Second Reich as well as thinking they could control his power. A military regime would have meant that there was no dominance from the extreme right or left of politics. Judging by the situation of Germany at that time, it was quite possible that this may have resulted in civil war.
When Otto von Bismarck was recalled from Paris to become Minister-President of Prussia in 1862, German nationalism was already more than 40 years old. First apparent in the opposition to Napoleon´s occupation of the German states, national feeling grew into a movement after 1815. This feeling was encouraged by a growth of interest in German literature and music and by increased economic cooperation between the north German states. By 1848 it was strong enough to make the creation of a united Germany one of the main demands of the revolutionaries. Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian patriot who inherited the traditions of love of king, army and country from his family.
...of Carsten and similar historians writing at the time is that the far-left were not as politically strong as first thought so consequently there was a lack of any serious opposition to the established order and in turn they were allowed had more independence and self-determination in implementing Germany’s first republic. So the social basis for a constitutional government in Germany was a lot more widespread than formerly thought. Furthermore, the apprehensiveness of the social democrats can be interpreted in terms of distrusting the unstructured mass movements that existed in the pressing post-war years, and placing their trust in the old elites. However, works such as Feldman’s, ‘The great disorder. The German inflation 1914 – 1924’ argue that the perspective representative potential of soldiers and workers unions and councils were in fact decisively contentious
The general public of Germany had never had any say in political matters; they allowed the Kaiser to make all the decisions regarding themselves and their once-prosperous country. The groups controlling Germany began to change during October and November 1918. More power began to fall into the hands of the people as they realised the blame for their involvement in the war was the Kaiser’s. People such as the armed soldiers, sailors and workers started protesting and going on strike. This was a far cry from before the war, when Germany was wealthy, proud and ambitious. So for a brief period, it seemed that a revolution would take place, with the people of Germany wanting a social and political revolution.
This was a noteworthy cause for German unification as it had extensive repercussions between the relationship amongst the Prussians and Austrians. Ever since the defeat at Olmutz on the 29th September 1851, the Prussians felt embarrassed when the breakdown of the Erfurt union occurred, where they later submitted to Austria. Many Prussians harbored a profound yearning to remove the feeling of failure on their pride and to recover their previous poise, finishing peaceful dualism. This perhaps is the best marker that it was the Prussian patriotism, not nationalism that created the cause of unification. Additionally, the Prussian patriotism led to the prompted unification of Germany, within the war of Austria in 1866. Within this same period, Austria was quick to sustain its position as leader of the German Confederation, where she restricted any thoughts of unified Germany, as it would have diminished her reign. Grossdeutschland Nationalists were one of some states that were against the war, while other remaining states also agreed with Austria against Prussia. Be that as it may, the Austrians were extensively defeated in just seven weeks with the last visit at Sadowa. In the end, the outcome was the North German Confederation, that contained a massive amount of states within the north. This was an incredible movement towards unity, regardless of the possibility that it was deciphered since Prussian
Several factors contributed to the instability of Germany’s Weimar Republic, such as the new political ideals brought forward and the government’s hunger for war. This could be compared to the many different governments created and dismissed in France’s Revolution towards the end of the 18th century. The new excitement from overthrowing the monarchy and the different opinions about how to run the new government made it very unstable, which is why France jumped from a monarchy to the National Assembly to the Legislative Assembly, and so
Germany was in need of a democratic government in order to meet the harsh provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. Established by members from the Social Democrat Party in 1919, the Weimar Republic became the central power in Germany for the following years. The republic was found in the city of Weimar and was a replacement, so to say, for the imperial government that had previously stood as the central authority. Even though the Weimar Republic managed to lead Germany for 15 years, it experienced devastating drawbacks such as hyperinflation, lack of support from the public, and the constant efforts from different groups to overthrow the government; because of these factors, different political groups sought a resolution, such as overthrowing the government and pushing for a strong leader. Severe economic problems arose in Germany essentially due to the punitive provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.
The Franco-Prussian War, which lasted from 1870-1871, gave Germany a lot of power which led them to then be so strong in World War 1. During the Franco-Prussian War, France lost and gave up a lot of land to the Germans. This was the start of Germany gaining power industrially and militarily. In World War 1, Germany was known for having the
Before all of this was Germany was struggling to find its place in the world. The first country to declare war in ww1 was Austria-Hungary. That country issued an ultimatum to Serbia after the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Germany was the central powers of the WW1. Germany fought
Prior to unification in 1871 the territory that would become Germany was comprised of thirty-nine independent states and city states joined together in a loose German Confederation. The most powerful among these states was Prussia, both geographically the largest state and that with the largest population. The influential politicians and policies that came out of Prussia were instrumental in the gradual formation of a united Germany. Beginning with the rise of Napoleon, the nineteenth century was a time of incredible change which dramatically altered the political balance of Europe. In order to understand the factors that culminated in official German unification on January 18, 1871, it is necessary to examine the preceding decades.
In 1919, representatives from England, France and the US met to discuss how Germany was going to pay for the damage WWI had caused. This meeting was the Treaty of Versailles. Adolf Hitler was elected Chancellor in January 1933. Straight away he began building Germany's army and weapons. In 1934 he increased the size of the army, built warships and created a German air force.
The Weimar Republic was formed after the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1918 (“Weimar Republic”). This government followed an intense period of German nationalism during World War One, as the Germans sought to establish themselves as a major power. The Weimar government was unpopular from the start, being associated with the loss of the First World War, and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. The ruling of the Republic was unstable at best, with fifteen different governments