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Regarding political theory, Ideology refers to the specific categorising frameworks for political action that make up each theoretical belief system based upon class interest and perception of societal functioning. Fundamentally, ideologies consist of a critique on the pre-existing ideology and practice, ideas expressing the desired order and belief system, and the agency to achieve this. Ideologies are integral in political theory as they enable labelling and grouping of belief’s and functioning to allow presentation of differing and understandable theories of potential changes, dogma, and policies of what political theorists believe should be the ideal system. Ideologies have immense influence on political theory through offering differing …show more content…
Exclusion occurs through systemic and conditioned behavioural responses as a response to a perceived “other” from the dominant group in society. Two key theorists who explore differing excluded groups present important ideas to explain how this exclusion occurs, Frantz Fanon focuses on exclusion for colonized people and Simone De Beauvoir discusses the exclusion of women in society. Fanon’s critical theme for his explanation on how exclusion occurs to colonised is through violence. He believes that colonisation is marked with violence initially from the colonising group through invasion and hijacking of land. After this occurs physical violence in order to subjugate the colonised group into tolerating the colonisers. The colonisers have to continue to maintain threat of violence or superiority in order to sustain the imposed new social order. As a person of colour, Fanon’s theories derive from his personal experiences with white colonialism and expand upon other colonised groups. An overarching theme of Fanon’s explanation for how exclusion occurs is the overt nature and presence of exclusion. He references the violence of exclusion repeatedly which suggests that colonial exclusion does not attempt a façade from the colonising group. This is unlike other forms of exclusion which rely on subtle and conditioned perceptions on the “other” and pseudo-lesser groups of
Tatum’s colonial model is comprised of four stages. First, one racial group invades another, normally a minority group (whites) takes control of a majority population (people of color). Second, a colonial society is formed and the culture of the colonized people is subordinated. Next, the colonized people are governed and controlled by the colonizer. Finally, a caste system is devolved based on white supremacy. After the minority group is subordinated, the psychological consequences of colonization manifest themselves in the colonized population. The early histories and colonization of these countries were very similar. After colonization occurred in each of the studied countries, the native population was deemed inferior, their cultures were trivialized, and the natives lost many of their political rights. The natives and ethnic minorities were seen as “the problem,” and the criminal justice system was used to control these groups. Using the colonial model, Gabbidon examines the effects of colonization on the present day criminal justice
Fanon focuses on two related desires that constitute the pathology of the colonial situation: “The Black man wants to be white. The white man is desperately trying to achieve the rank of man” (p. xiii). As an unconscious desire, this can result in a series of irrational behaviors and beliefs, such as the Antillean speaking French, the desire for a white
Firstly, the presence of individuality within society permits individuals to identify societal barriers because such choices are, essential. Tom’s essay speaks of how “historically, people have not been kind to that which is different”, yet however, she encourages this drive within individuals as she goes on to say, “this [in fact] is what has driven the evolution of society.” Though many historical events such as the Holocaust and the Trans-Atlantic slave trade have not been greeted with gratitude nonetheles...
In the course of Colonization, the world was divided into binary categories of the colonizer and colonized. These binary groups were based on a division of class, gender, race, ethnicity and the oppression of cultural traditions. Traditions of language, religion, labor, and social values were based on theologies of the colonizers, enforced upon the colonized. These binaries can be associated with the Manichean binaries discussed by Frantz Fanon in his book entitled The Wretched of the Earth. In Post-Coloniality, societies gain independence either through diplomatic political transitions or violent revolutions against the occupying force. Regardless of how independence is achieved, these societies undergo a multitude of socio-cultural changes. The colonized populations struggle to rebuild their communities, individual identities and national identities. The process of this decolonization is a long-term and strenuous procedure that varies from one culture to the next. Periods of colonial oppression have negative repercussions on social structures and prohibit certain cultural growth. It is the nationalism that bonds individuals together in creating a national identity, rebuilding the state while imagining the community and representing it in the traditional cultural affiliations of the indigenous populations.
The colony is not only a possibility in the geographical; it is a mental dominance that can imperialize the entire self. Entire continents have be domineered, resources completely dried, and at colonialism’s usual worst, the mental devastation of the indigenous culture has left a people hollow. Indigenous culture is no longer that. In the globalized world, no culture is autonomous; culture cannot breathe without new ideas and new perspectives, perspectives that have traditionally come from the people who have lived within the culture. But, the imposition of dominant cultures has certainly benefited from culture’s own vulnerability, as global similarities now exist throughout most different, yet not separate cultures. Postcolonialism is imperialism with a mask on, nothing less. As Franz Fanon puts it “that imperialism which today is fighting against a s true liberation of mankind leaves in its wake here and there tinctures of decay which we must search out and mercilessly expel from our land and our spirits.”
With this understanding it can be acknowledged that one can be an oppressor at one point in time but be oppressed at another. These roles are constantly changing based on a variety of factors. Integrative anti-racism allows a better understanding these social oppressions. The author argues that in order for oppression to be vitally explored, the factors that create oppression must be realized. Oppression gives material advantage to the oppressor. "All social relations have material
In both of his major works, Fanon describes the active involvement in this process as an essential part of the liberation of the self; as in his view, agency was central to self-actualization. However, in Fanon’s model, violence, which could plausibly be manifested on a symbolic rather than physical level, is only the beginning; the first step of a painful and lifelong struggle to overcome the psychological damage inflicted by the colonial aggressor. Hence, violence is not a release of accumulated tension, but rather a reclaiming of subjectivity that moves the colonized from a zone of nonbeing to the zone of being through an act of active self-assertion. Fanon does not promote violence for its own sake. For him violence in never a Selbstzweck; it is a last resort to eliminate a system created and maintained through violence. Moreover, Fanon makes clear that this use of violence could negatively affect the colonized. In the final part of the book, in which he describes the psychological long-term effects violence has on both victims and
While Burnham and the PNC were experimenting with its foreign relations, the PPP had moved even further 'left' with its formal induction into the Communist International in July 1969. These developments were partially the result of that party’s increasingly pro Soviet stance, sealed and formalized with its public entry into the Soviet International in 1969. This was after Dr. Jagan returned from a Conference of Communist and Workers Parties in Moscow in the same year. Thereafter, the PPP became a disciplined adherent of doctrinaire Marxism and the long-standing Marxist-Leninist organisation became even more prominent on committees of the Communist International ranging from the World Peace Council to the World Federation of Free Trade Unions (WFTU) and acquired easy access to senior personnel in the Kremlin.
Also, the writing is sympathetic towards colonized natives. Fanon claims decolonization causes violent actions from both settlers and natives and creates intolerant views toward the opposite party. Violence from Europeans during the colonization is a tactic used to keep the natives oppressed and resistance minimal. The police officers and soldiers of the settlers used excessive force to show dominance and create an "atmosphere of submission" in native communities (Fanon, 38). European schools, churches, and economic societies were set up on colonized people's land.
...ialogue are enveloped in the great ‘ism’ constructs for which this extremely modern political theory is known (Hughes, Chp.3). And as the Constructivist sees social groups interacting within the world, he contributes to our understanding of the groups through the invention of identity. The Constructivists label groups of people with common interests and gives words with which to speak of rising ideas and philosophies.
Imperialism creates the color line, and within this study, the color line as race and class based on power and the ability to make a profit through expansion is a good starting point for understanding. This means that race and class are more than just European and non-European, but more clearly the core and periphery in regards to those who possess the power to effectively (ineffectively in some instances) govern those without power or the true means to gain power. This power mostly held firm in its place through violence, however, war and systems of oppression along with an indoctrination of superiority hold those seen as inferior under the hegemonic dominance of Western paternalism. Imperialism creates race and class for capitalistic gains that would seat the United States, and Japan at the table with great empires such as Great Britain, Germany, Russia, and France.
Social exclusion is the exclusion of an individual from the current social system, their individual rights and privileges. This is usually a result of a person living in poverty due to circumstances he or she has no control over, or their own human error. Becoming socially excluded can also be the result of the individual belonging to a minority social group. Social exclusion refers to individuals whom are excluded from certain aspects of social life such as employment and social relations. This can be due to reasons such as whether or not the individual would like to participate in social activities, or whether he or she is unable to participate in social activities for reasons which are beyond their control, such as a disability (Burchandt et al. 2002). Social exclusion can be a major problem, studies have shown that being socially excluded from a group/s in fact activates particular areas of the brain, areas which would usually only be activated by physical pain (Eisenberger et al, 2003). Not only can social exclusion have negative effects on an individuals mental health and wellbeing, but it can also cause exploitation, oppression and marginality. Social exclusion also prevents equality, fairness and social justice.
Although the language of Martinique was Creole, the French colonialists, the whites, were keen to maintain their seemingly superior language that was French. If the blacks were to speak Creole, they were looked down upon by their white counterparts, but speaking French created an almost more complicated situation. As demonstrated by the title of Fanon’s novel, Black Skin, White Masks, there existed a desire to belong on the part of the blacks, a longing to be or appear white. As such, blacks—Fanon included—would try to emulate the white culture. One way to seem more white was through speaking French. However, by accepting the white culture, by speaking French, blacks not only ostracized themselves from their own community, but were also victims of more discrimination. One way language was used against the Martinicans were through what Fanon referred to as pigeon speak. This was the practice of French colonialists speaking a broken form of French to Martinicans on the assumption that the blacks’ language skills were lesser than their own. By belittling blacks for their languages, whites effectively “imprison[ed] the black man and perpetuat[ed] a conflictual situation where the white man infects the black man with extremely toxic foreign bodies” (Fanon 19). French was unnatural for the Martinican, but to experience humanity, blacks accepted the language of their oppressors. “The more the black Antillean assimilates the French language, the whiter he gets—i.e., the closer he comes to becoming a true human being” (Fanon 2). The language, for Fanon, was a cornerstone of humanity, but only whites were viewed as humans. Consequently, racism for Fanon, was the necessity to assimilate with another culture in order to be seen as
Political science is the study of people’s behavior as it relates to control the public organizations. The concept is normally divided into six subcategories: Political philosophy- which deals with formal questions about how power should be divided among government branches as well as between federal and state government. Political ideology is also about protecting human rights and obligations, the nature of justice and the ideal state. Following category is American politics which is about political parties, campaigns, elections, elected exec...
Ideology is a set of beliefs or ideals that are followed by a group of people or an individual. These beliefs are then used as a format for political or economic systems. An example of one of these ideological systems is Republicanism, which is the belief that a