1.0 INTRODUCTION
Coleoptera is the largest group of insects in the world (Triplehorn & Johnson, 2005; Hill & Abang, 2010). The order Coleoptera is commonly used to describe the terrestrial habitats, mainly in the tropical forest (Erwin, 1982; Hammond, 1990; Stork, 1991; Chung, 2004). According to Hill & Abang (2010), 2, 000 species of beetles had been collected in Sarawak and most of them were from the families Cerambycidae and Chrysomelidae.
Beetles are also known as the most successful insects as they have a pair of forewings with hard elytra that function to protect the hind wings when not in use (Hill & Abang, 2010). Besides, the hard wings also allow the beetles to hide into an enclosed place and cryptic habitats in order to escape from the predators (Hill & Abang, 2010). A thick and hard exoskeleton plates had protected their body very well.
The study area is one of the protected forests in Sarawak. A large number of insects and beetles are expected to be higher in an undisturbed and unpolluted area (Muslim et al., 2010). This is one of the reasons why this area was chosen. The order Coleoptera was chosen because of their importance in ecosystem. Beetles have contributed too many ecological processes as they have become one of the vital fauna in global diversity in order to sustain various ecosystems (Dagobert et al., 2008). As a large proportion group in biodiversity, beetles play a vital role in trophic chains (Dagobert et al., 2008). Besides, they had become good indicators in environmental properties as their distributions are mostly influenced by the habitat changes (Dagobert et al., 2008).
Coleoptera are occurred in both terrestrial and freshwater habitat (Lawrence & Britton, 1994). They have significant roles and...
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...r of species (Jeanneret et al., 2003; Dagobert et al., 2008). From the previous studies, beetles were proofed to be very sensitive to human activities (Dagobert et al., 2008). Human activities give the negative effect on the beetle abundance and diversity level in a changed habitat (Dagobert et al., 2008).
One of the important factors in determining the diversity of communities is the effectiveness of the sampling methods used (Magurran, 1988; Chung, 2004). The uses of trapping method will influence the total number of beetles catches (Dagobert et al., 2008). Shannon index is basically used to evaluate the richness and evenness indexes of biodiversity and it is more elevated than the actual diversity (Dagobert et al., 2008). The relationship between this index and the sampling size will give the best evaluation of the population diversity (Dagobert et al., 2008).
..., Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, Available from Journal of Insect Physiology. (46 (2000) 655–661)Retrieved from http://www.units.muohio.edu/cryolab/publications/documents/IrwinLee00.pdf
After conducting the experiments, the hypothesis was found to be incorrect. The data’s common trend was; as the beetle’s mass increased, the amount of weight it could pull decreased. One of the beetles tested had a mass of 1.6 grams and was able to pull only a mass of 18.6 grams. The second beetle had a mass of 1.8 grams and was able to pull 37.3 grams.
From visible examples of lantana, lily pads, moss, grey gums, string bark gum trees, spotted gum and iron bark. There was already a visible understanding that bunyaville has and immense range of plant species. Along with the animals mentioned that were seen, there was an extensive amount of bugs and insects in the park range. From one test being the forest floor scavenge; five different bugs were found, numerous times. Though these bugs are common household bugs, they were in large numbers. As mentioned before, the data taken for the species in bunyaville, is slightly restricted, as there wasn't enough time to search for every species of bug found in the
Outline the physical similarities between the (Blaptica dubia) cockroach and the cricket. Explain previous studies on physical stress in the cricket and in different species of cockroaches. Briefly discuss how the metabolic rate between the two species has been found to be very similar.
(http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O7-densityfrequencydominance.html) Biodiversity is the number of richness or the number of species in a local area. This happens when someone can look at a species, in order to indicate a degree of uncertainty. This can happen by calculating the number of species given, where the individual is picked at random from the community. In other words, if the diversity is high, then oneself will have a poorer chance of correctly calculating the species of the next individual picked at random. (http://www.tiem.utk.edu/~gross/bioed/bealsmodules/shannonDI.html) This experiment was a way to find out the diversity of the school parking lot and the possibility to identify the type or model of the student’s, faculties and guest
There is no doubt that arthropods are an extremely successful group of animals, with an estimated 5-10 million species worldwide[1], and this can be attributed to having an exoskeleton; it provides many benefits, such as protection from parasitism and other threats. However, one major disadvantage of having an exoskeleton is the limitations that an inelastic cuticle can place on growth. The exoskeleton provides protection, but when freshly moulted the animal is soft and vulnerable, as well as having limited mobility and use of appendages; many seek shelter before moulting[2]. There are similarities and differences between the moult cycles of all the arthropods, however only crustaceans and insects will be discussed here.
The Wasp Women tells the story of Janice Starlin, owner and CEO of a cosmetics company. To bolster her declining sales she enlists the help of recently fired beekeeper Dr. Zinthrop. Zinthrop was fired for experimenting with wasps, specifically enzyme extracts from the royal jelly of a queen wasp. Starlin funds his research it the hopes of creating a formula to slow the aging process, with the condition of Starlin being the human trial. The serums are not working fast enough, so Starlin gives herself extra doses, causing her to shed 20 years rapidly but also to periodically transform into a killer wasp.
Richard Wilbur's recent poem 'Mayflies' reminds us that the American Romantic tradition that Robert Frost most famously brought into the 20th century has made it safely into the 21st. Like many of Frost's short lyric poems, 'Mayflies' describes one person's encounter with an ordinary but easily overlooked piece of nature'in this case, a cloud of mayflies spotted in a 'sombre forest'(l.1) rising over 'unseen pools'(l.2),'made surprisingly attractive and meaningful by the speaker's special scrutiny of it. The ultimate attraction of Wilbur's mayflies would appear to be the meaning he finds in them. This seems to be an unremittingly positive poem, even as it glimpses the dark subjects of human isolation and mortality, perhaps especially as it glimpses these subjects. In this way the poem may recall that most persistent criticism of Wilbur's work, that it is too optimistic, too safe. The poet-critic Randall Jarrell, though an early admirer of Wilbur, once wrote that 'he obsessively sees, and shows, the bright underside of every dark thing'?something Frost was never accused of (Jarrell 332). Yet, when we examine the poem closely, and in particular the series of comparisons by which Wilbur elevates his mayflies into the realm of beauty and truth, the poem concedes something less ?bright? or felicitous about what it finally calls its 'joyful . . . task' of poetic perception and representation (l.23).
The titmouse is a small songbird that searches acrobatically for insects among foliage and branches. The tufted titmouse, also known by their scientific name of baeolophus bicolor, is a widespread species from North America. Because the species is so widespread, it can be assumed that the species is not limited by the biotic and abiotic factors that other species are limited by. The titmouse eats only insects in the summer, including caterpillars, beetles, ants, wasps, stink bugs, and treehoppers; they also eat seeds, nut, and berries. However, every population, or a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general areas, is limited by a carrying capacity, or the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain. At one point, the biotic or abiotic factors will limit the dispersion and dispersal of the
The confused flour beetle, Tribolium Confusum is an organism that is approximately 4.35mm in body length and is made up of three sections, the prognathous head, rounded abdomen and a straight sided thorax, which are flat, shiny, elongated and rigid, reddish brown (Stuart M Bennett 2003). This beetle consists of two segmented antennas at the front of its body along with two small dark colored notched eyes, separated by more than three eye diameters, which allow the beetle to identify small disturbances and escape from predator (Stuart M Bennett 2003). The antenna’s consists of segments that grow from the bottom all the way till the tip, forming a club of four segments and are used to help Tribolium Confusum in sensing its surroundings (Stuart M Bennett 2003). This confused beetle has six legs; three separated equally on each side of the body, which allow it to easily maneuver through grain products. The forelegs are there for traction and the middle and hind legs are for propulsion (A Sokoloff 1972). Tribolium Confusum has well developed wings hidden under its elytra but has never been seen flying (Anon 2009). Its forewings are rigid and hind wings are membranous and folded (S.S Lal 2009).
In 1996, the Asian Longhorn Beetle made its way into the New York and New Jersey creating the decimation of the forests. The Asian Longhorn Beetle has so far caused the cutting of over 10,000 trees in New Jersey, and quarantine of 109 miles in New York today . The spread of this foreign beetle has created great impacts on the environment. The Asian Longhorn Beetle is an invasive specie, a harmful specie from another locations, mainly other countries, that has ended up in a foreign habitat. As time has progressed, invasive species have continued to come into our environment more frequently creating many unforeseen consequences. The relationship of invasive species within the United States’ environment and ecosystem has been changing ever since the arrival of the Europeans in the 1700s to present day. Due to these encounters with other species whether harmful or neutral, the majority, if not all, of the United States has been affected with the threatening encroachment of native species due to the industrialization of waterways and transportation.
Arthropods are in the kingdom Animalia which is in the subphylum Arthropoda. A species can be classified as an Arthropod if they have an exoskeleton, a coelom, and if they are mostly dioecious. An “ exoskeleton is an external skeleton made of chitin. [A] coelom is fluid filled cavity between organs and body wall” (Babin,2017). Examples of Arthropods are: spiders, ticks, millipedes, and centipedes. The objective of this experiment was to find Arthropods and test. Different habitats were established to see which will produce a greater amount of Arthropod. It was believed that the Arthropod diversity of a shaded area will be more that that of an area near a canal. The shaded area would have more arthropod diversity because more plants would be around it. Since there will be leaves and trees, plant diversity will be greater. Also, having “ plant diversity can positively affect arthropod{s}” ( Bennett and Gratton, 2013) because there will be more arthropods to utilize.
There are nearly one million species of insects known. Insects are defined by having six legs and a body divided into three segments: head, thorax, and abdomen. Chitin is an organic material that makes up an insects exoskeleton. There are three life cycles of insects, ametabolous or incomplete and paurometabolous or gradual, and homotabolous or complete metamorphosis. These life cycles are important in the aging of insects for aiding in legal investigations, (Houck and Siegel. Entomology).
Insects are the most diverse group of organisms on the planet. They occupy most of the habitat in the world. Insects have served as a model group of organisms for tackling many biological queries. Butterflies (Class: Insecta; Order: Lepidoptera) have been used as a model for studies on ecology, development and population dynamics. Most of the species are highly seasonal and some have very restricted habitats. Butterflies are good indicators of climate and help us understand fluctuations in seasonal changes. They require specific ecological conditions for their growth and development. Monitoring butterflies helps us understand the overall diversity of a habitat as they are directly dependent on other factors such as availability of host plants and nectar plants. They also play a very significant role in
One of the first reason why insects are so successful because they possess a tough exoskeleton that is covered with a waxy water repellant layer. The exoskeleton of insects also has helped them survive. An insect's external skeleton, or exoskeleton, is made of semi-rigid plates and tubes. In insects, these plates are made of a plastic like material called chitin along with a tough protein. A waterproof wax covers the plates and prevents the insect's internal tissues from drying out. Insect exoskeletons are highly effective as a body framework, but they have two drawbacks: they cannot grow once they have formed, and like a suit of armor, they become too heavy to move when they reach a certain size. Insects overcome the first problem by periodically molting their exoskeleton and growing a larger one in its place. Insects have not evolved ways to solve the problem of increasing weight, and this is one of the reasons why insects are relatively small. But compared to animals the Exoskeletons d...