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Basics of economics
Basics of economics
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Monopolies have a tendency to be bad for the economy. Granted, there are some that are a necessity of life such as natural and legal monopolies. However, the article I have chosen to review is “America’s Monopolies are Holding Back the Economy (Lynn, 2017)” and the name speaks for itself. The article is mainly about how monopolies are the main driver in income equality because they keep the majority of the profits in the hands of the few (Lynn, 2017). There are numerous examples of how monopolies are effecting everyday Americans: the farmers struggle against agricultural conglomerates, sky high prices set by the pharmaceutical companies, cable providers, health insurers, and the airlines (Lynn, 2017). Additionally, the article highlights how …show more content…
Well the bottom line is that a monopoly is firm that sells almost all the goods or services in a select market. Therefore, without regulations, a company would be able to manipulate the price of their products, because of a lack of competition (Principle of Microeconomics, 2016). Furthermore, if a single company controls the entire market, then there are numerous barriers to entry that discourage competition from entering into it. To truly understand the hold a monopoly firm has on the market; compare the demand curves between a Perfect Competitor and Monopolist firm in Figure …show more content…
The Perceived Demand Curve for a Perfect Competitor and Monopolist (Principle of Microeconomics, 2016). A perfectly competitive firm (a) has multiple firms competing against it, making the same product. Therefore the market sets the equilibrium price and the firm must accept it. The firm can produce as many products as it can afford to at the equilibrium price. However, a monopolist firm (b) can either cut or raise production to influence the price of their products or service. Therefore, giving it the ability to make substantial products at the cost of the consumers. However, not all monopolies are bad and some are even supported by the
When the word monopoly is spoken most immediately think of the board game made by Parker Brothers in which each player attempts to purchase all of the property and utilities that are available on the board and drive other players into bankruptcy. Clearly the association between the board game and the definition of the term are literal. The term monopoly is defined as "exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices" (Dictionary.com, 2008). Monopolies were quite common in the early days when businesses had no guidelines whatsoever. When the U.S. Supreme Court stepped into break up the Standard Oil business in the late 1800’s and enacted the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 (Wikipedia 2001), it set forth precedent for many cases to be brought up against it for years to come.
When I researched which sectors of the economy are monopolized, I had a lot of mixed feeling about each industry. For example, I like that our health care industry is monopolized by the government because ordinary Canadians pay less for health care and prescription drugs. However, I dislike the monopoly in the telecommunications sector because of the poor customer 's service and quality of the product i.e. network throttling. Although, I believe this type of monopoly is necessar·y to more our network infrastructure forward.
...tually break up monopolies when they formed, by specific legislation” (600). They see that the government is letting the business tycoons to own whatever land they want and extend their fortunes. Unlike the first two books, Johnson’s book discussed the history of the book without bias and from a different perception; one that was not came from an American view.
An oligopoly is defined as "a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products" (Gans, King and Mankiw 1999, pp.-334). Since there are only a few sellers, the actions of any one firm in an oligopolistic market can have a large impact on the profits of all the other firms. Due to this, all the firms in an oligopolistic market are interdependent on one another. This relationship between the few sellers is what differentiates oligopolies from perfect competition and monopolies. Although firms in oligopolies have competitors, they do not face so much competition that they are price takers (as in perfect competition). Hence, they retain substantial control over the price they charge for their goods (characteristic of monopolies).
Second: The break of monopolies or “trustbusting” began in the late 19th century with President Roosevelt. However, it was the Sherman Act passed by Congress in 1890 that really began dismantled large monopolies. The Sherman Act “was based on the constitutional power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce” (Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890). This act helped dismantle many of the monopolies that had been formed by companies’ trusts such as Northern Securities Company, Standard Oil and the American Tobacco Company. These companies had shareholders put their shares into one trust so the company could control “jointly managed” businesses and keep their prices low. This gave little competition to the major monopolies as other smaller companies could not stay in business and have such low prices. With the help of the courts monopolies continue to be kept at bay and competition continues to be encouraged within industries today.
Governments regulate businesses when market failure seems to arise and occur and to control natural monopolies, control negative externalities, and to achieve social goals among other reasons. Setting government regulations on natural monopolies is important because if not regulated, then these natural monopolies could restrict output and raise prices for consumers. It is important to regulate natural monopolies because they don’t have any competition to drive down the price of the product they are selling. Therefore, with no competition, they can control the output and the price of the product at whatever they deem necessary. With regulations the government keeps it fair both for the consumer and producer. It’s also important for government
In order to answer the question “How Do Oligopolies effect the Beverage Industry?” we must first understand what an Oligopoly is. An Oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers. An oligopoly is much like a monopoly, in which only one company exerts control over most of a market. In an oligopoly, there are at least two firms controlling the market. So what exactly does this mean? To put this into perspective an Industry, such as the Beverage Industry, is composed of various sellers. However there are two main companies that control the Industry, they are Pepsi Co. and The Coca-Cola Company. Although there are several other companies such as
A monopoly is a market with only one seller that does not have any kind of competition or is very weak, and the offer is not attractive for the client. That single seller is called a monopolist. The monopolies are very powerful businesses that are impossible not to notice. Their principal objective is to obtain the major control that they can have over the market in which they are interacting.
In some instances however, monopolies could be good and they are not actually illegal in the United States. A monopoly can be good if they are using their power to consistently deliver a product or service. In cases such as electric and water, where the cost is extremely high to supply them, they are controlled by the government which protects the consumer from high prices. The government controls the prices that they set and allows them to recoup and obtain a reasonable profit for their services and products (Amadeo, 2013). In this way it shows that monopolies are not illegal, but they are tightly controlled under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
Natural monopolies arise where the largest supplier in an industry, often the first supplier in a market, has an overwhelming cost advantage over other actual or potential competitors. Often times this is the case in corporations in which fixed cost dominates, creating economics of scale. The two most crucial costs in the microeconomics world are fixed and marginal costs. Marginal costs are the cost to the company serving one or more customers whereas the fixed cost solely requires multiple customers. Most natural monopolies use large scale infrastructure to ensure supply is met by means of power plants pipelines and electrical wires. Natural monopolies often discourage new corporations into the market creates a major loss into efficiency because of duplication costs wasting many recourses. Natural monopolies are common in the utility field do to an essential need for those services creating an expensive infrastructure to deliver the good. Being so essential to the public the united states government regulates the corporations by use of private
The impact of monopolies is felt very heavily on the consumer. The biggest effect of a monopoly in a market is that it drives up the prices of the product in that market (South West, pg. 179). This happens because there is no competition and no other producer to drive prices down. The government has often tried to break up monopolies when they are presented because it will put a negative impact on the economy. There has even been legislation passed against monopolies. An example of a piece of legislation is the Sherman Anti-Trust Act which stated "any combination or conspiracy in constraint of trade" (www.
Perfect and monopolistic competition markets both share elasticity of demand in the long run. In both markets the consumer is aware of the price, if the price was to increase the demand for the product would decrease resulting in suppliers being unable to make a profit in the long run. Lastly, both markets are composed of firms seeking to maximise their profits. Profit maximization occurs when a firm produces goods to a high level so that the marginal cost of the production equates its marginal
And lastly, the market structure of Monopoly has only one producer that produces a unique product, so they will therefore have a lot of power, no competition, and very high barriers to entry. An example of this can be Bob’s Coffee shop. In Bob’s case, he has a coffee shop located in a location where there are no coffee shops around. As a result, his business becomes a Monopoly, so therefore he chooses whatever price he wants, and in this case he charges $2.00. For all that, Tom finds out that Bob is making a positive economic profit.
On one end of the scale we have perfect competition: when there are many buyers and sellers in the market, all goods are homogeneous, there is perfect knowledge in the market for both producers and consumers, there is perfect mobility and there are no barriers to enter or exit the market. All prices of the homogenous goods would be set at one price and is determined by the demand and supply of the market. The output of a firm is only a small proportion of the total output and each consumer buys small part of the total. No producer, supplier or consumer has the power to influence the price in the market due to the amount of competition in the market. On the other end of the scale there is monopoly where a single producer supplies the whole market, they have power of the market can influence the supply and price due to the lack of competition in the market. They can’t influence demand however when the demand goes up they have the full power to change the price of the goods.
It is important to distinguish between competition and monopoly before describing advantages and disadvantages of both. Many monopolies are government owned. This means that the incentive to strive for more profit, better conditions etc. is gone. This is due to the fact that, if there is a loss, the government will cover it, and government owned companies seldom strive to achieve maximum profits. A lot of the characteristics are also seen in privately owned monopolizing firms. When they become so big, that competition is practically gone, the incentive to make even more profits, and being innovative diminishes.