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European imperialism and colonialism
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European imperialism
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The Heathen Inside: "Darkness," Abjection, and the Colonial Discourse
In Romanticism and Colonialism, Tim Fulford and Peter J. Kitson argue that few scholars explicate the relationship between Romantic texts, British colonialism, and imperialism. Fulford and Kitson point out that the "Romantic period is a watershed in colonial history," marking the inception of a British empire based on the political philosophy of the "white man's burden" (3). By reading Romantic texts in the historical and political context of colonialism and imperialism, Fulford and Kitson hope to return Romantic texts "to the context of material, colonial processes contemporaneous with their imagined versions of colonized people and places" (9). In other words, Fulford
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All characteristics of and reactions to the abject as discussed above remain true for abjection of the self. Yet according to Kristeva, the abject is made more horrible in the abjection of the self. Kristeva says abjection "is felt at maximum force" when "the subject finds the impossible in himself: when he finds the impossible in his very being, discovering that he is nothing other than abject" (Kristeva 128). The subject expends considerable energy rejecting the abject, which he or she feels to be unclean, ambiguous, and strange. The abject may even consume and destroy the subject by its very unassimilable nature. However, the subject eventually confronts the strange, horrifying truth that the subject is the abject, and the horrible nature of the abject is actually present in the self. Thus, when the self rejects the unclean and the ambiguous, the self actually rejects itself. Kristeva says that there is "nothing like the abjection of the self for demonstrating that all abjection is in fact a recognition of the fundamental lack of all being, meaning, language and desire" (Kristeva 128). When, in abjection, the self rejects itself, the self also realizes the limits of constructed webs of meaning. If abjection pulls the self towards the place where meaning collapses, and the self actually is the abject, then meaning, language, and order also collapse around the self. Language, existence and meaning collapse when the self can no longer distinguish between itself and the abject -- when the horrible is found to be a part of the
Imperialism has been a constant oppressive force upon societies dating back hundreds of years. Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, illustrates this oppression by providing an instance of its occurrence in the Congo of Africa, while simultaneously setting the stage for The Poisonwood Bible, which is essentially the continuation of the story. The Poisonwood Bible, by Barbara Kingsolver, demonstrates how the Congo is still affected by modern circumstances and ideology. Conrad’s novella acts as a sort of precursor to the events later depicted in Kingsolver’s novel, and this very connection between the stories illustrates the perpetual oppression of imperialism. This oppression is shown through the characterization of the pivotal characters of each respective text.
Cesaire and Conrad both have different methods and rhetoric to criticize colonization. Cesaire is more direct with his critiques. In contrast, Conrad is more reserved with ideas and his thoughts. Conrad attracts the reader into Marlow’s world where the experiences of Marlow and his thoughts, which are never direct, are where one can distinguish his critiques of colonialism. John Reed’s articles are descriptive and allows the reader to have a vivid picture of the reality that is present in the war.
The first clause of the eighth amendment, protects U.S citizens from being held in jail on excessively high bail. The purpose of bail is to free citizens while they await their trials because they can’t be “deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law.” Specifically, “bail is money that a criminal defendant (a person charged with a crime) pays in order to be...
The first two issues that eighth amendment prohibits is excessive bail and fines. The excessive bail clause prohibits courts from demanding excessively high amounts of bail, and the excessive fines clause prohibits courts from charging excessively high amounts of fines. The Constitution does not give a clear meaning on what “excessive bail and fines” means, but the Stack v Boyle case did (Lemieux, "The Supreme Court's Empty Eighth Amendment Promise”). Stack v Boyle was a U.S Supreme Court case where the bail was set at an amount of $50,000 which was higher than the bail set with similar and even more serious cases. This case established that bail and fi...
When people think of the concept of imperialism, they usually view it as something that pertains to government. Even the first definition of imperialism in the dictionary is “imperial state, authority, spirit, or system of government” (Webster 729). However, imperialism encompasses so much more than this. In comparing the resonations between Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness with Johann Goethe’s Faust, one can see how imperialism affects the political, the social, the psychological, and the spiritual, especially within the past 200 years. Stemming from this is man’s existential freedom, his “mechanical and lifeless existence in society”, explored in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s “The Grand Inquisitor” and Herman Melville’s “Bartleby the Scrivener”.
Rudyard Kipling’s poem “The White Man’s Burden” articulates the imperialism of the English empire into India, Cambodia, China, and Africa. The English thought it their duty to go out and take over these barbaric nations to civilize them. They justified their act of westernizing and destroying others’ cultures as the “burden’ they were born to bear. “And when your goal is nearest the end for others sought, watch sloth and heathen folly bring all your hopes to nought.” They blamed the ineffectiveness of their efforts on the native’s laziness. They are the ones whose whole world is being flipped upside down; being submerged in a new culture with new laws and strange people. Yet, somehow they are the lazy ones and despite the trails for the white man at the end of the day it is beneficial to the savages.
In the present era of decolonization, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness presents one of fictions strongest accounts of British imperialism. Conrad’s attitude towards imperialism and race has been the subject of much literary and historical debate. Many literary critics view Conrad as accepting blindly the arrogant attitude of the white male European and condemn Conrad to be a racist and imperialists. The other side vehemently defends Conrad, perceiving the novel to be an attack on imperialism and the colonial experience. Understanding the two viewpoints side by side provides a unique understanding that leads to a commonality that both share; the novel simply presents a criticism of colonialists in Africa. The novel merely portrays a fictional account of British imperialism in the African jungle, where fiction offers maximum entertainment it lacks in focus. The novel is not a critique of European colonialism and imperialism, but rather a presentation of colonialism and the theme of darkness throughout the novel sheds a negative light on the selfishness of humanity and the system that was taking advantage of the native peoples. In Joseph Conrad’s novel, Heart of Darkness, Conrad presents a criticism of British imperial colonization not for the purpose of taking sides, but with aims of bettering the system that was in place during Conrad’s experience in the African Congo. Conrad uses the character of Marlow and his original justification of imperialism so long as it was efficient and unselfish that was later transformed when the reality of colonialism displayed the selfishness of man, to show that colonialism throughout history displaces the needs of the mother country over the colonized peoples and is thus always selfish.
The Eighth Amendment says: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted (Constitution). How does it square with the actual facts of capital punishment:
...ing. The Eight Amendment says" Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. We all live in a society with same basic rights and guarantees. We have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness with equal opportunities. With the death penalty, some people never get the chance to obtain that.
Generally, as expressed in Charles Bressler’s Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice (4th Edition), post-colonialism encompasses a study of literature written in countries that are or were at some point in time colonized by England or some other imperial power (235). This analysis of literature implies or assumes that the peoples of these texts experienced social, political, and economic influences from an outside force, and were made out to be the “other” right on their own homeland. While Frankenstein is by no means a tale of conquest, the concepts of isolation and oppression are eminent throughou...
Ghettos, concentration camps, starvation, and deaths. These people were put through everything during this terrible, grueling time. The Nazi forces were overtaking the people day by day throughout Europe. In the ghettos and concentration camps either killers or starvation took the lives of many innocent people. These people did not deserve the treatment they received in such short notice. During the Holocaust the Jewish people should have fought back against the nasty, intolerable Nazis.
Imperialism sprung from an altruistic and unselfish aim to "take up the white man's burden"1 and “wean [the] ignorant millions from their horrid ways.”2 These two citations are, of course, from Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden” and Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, respectively, and they splendidly encompass what British and European imperialism was about – at least seen from the late-nineteenth century point of view. This essay seeks to explore the comparisons and contrasts between Conrad’s and Kipling’s view of imperialism in, respectively, Heart of Darkness and “White Man’s Burden” and “Recessional.”
The Victorian period was in 1830-1901, this period was named after Queen Victoria; England’s longest reigning monarch. Britain was the most powerful nation in the world. This period was known for a rather stern morality. A huge changed happened in England; factories were polluting the air, cities were bursting at the seams, feminism was shaking up society, and Darwin’s theory of evolution was assaulting long established religious beliefs. The Victorians were proud of their accomplishments and optimistic about the future, but psychologically there was tension, doubt, and anxiety as people struggled to understand and deal with the great changes they were experiencing. One of the authors known for writing during the Victorian Period was Robert Browning. Robert Browning was a poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic monologues, which made him one of the Victorian poets. Robert died in December 1889. His Poem “Porphyria’s Lover” was published in 1836. This essay will explore three elements of Victorianism in Porphyria’s Lover by Robert Brown...
Postcolonial authors use their literature and poetry to solidify, through criticism and celebration, an emerging national identity, which they have taken on the responsibility of representing. Surely, the reevaluation of national identity is an eventual and essential result of a country gaining independence from a colonial power, or a country emerging from a fledgling settler colony. However, to claim to be representative of that entire identity is a huge undertaking for an author trying to convey a postcolonial message. Each nation, province, island, state, neighborhood and individual is its own unique amalgamation of history, culture, language and tradition. Only by understanding and embracing the idea of cultural hybridity when attempting to explore the concept of national identity can any one individual, or nation, truly hope to understand or communicate the lasting effects of the colonial process.
The line between morally conscientious decisions blurs through Conrad’s use of Marlow as a vehicle for the process of reasoning through the savagery that allows him to explore the contradiction that lies beneath the accepted beliefs of the early 20th century. Evident through “Marlow’s withering condemnation of the colonial enterprise in general,” Conrad is fascinated and sickened by the lengths the European nations have taken to secure their imperialistic goals (Sewlall). These acts of degradation are committed in plain view of the rest of the world- an evil that occurs in pure daylight. The usually associated connotation of sunlight would indicate legality, purity and innocence; Conrad exposes imperialism to the core of its corruption and acts of cruelty horrifically being committed without protest from other European equals. Being a spectator to such exploitations should not rationally be plausible, however, human nature’s “fascination of the abomination” renders society helpless to disagree (Conrad 4). Regardless, humanity features nuances of both sides of the ‘good and evil’ pairing, seen through the parallel of the absolutes of light and